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DCDHF Environment Sensitivity DCDHFs are brighter in rigid (left: liquid vs. frozen) or more viscous (right: QY vs. viscosity) environments. When the dicyano bond on the furan has a lower barrier to rotate, the fluorophore is able to nonradiatively relax via a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) state. This effect can help lower background from unbound copies in solution. Willets, Callis, Moerner. J. Phys. Chem. B2004, 108, 10465–10473.