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Prof. Dr. Gerhard Meyer University of Bremen

Gambling problems in history. “ I believe that the game of dice has exactly the same effect than wine. “ (Pascasius Iustus, 1561). Prof. Dr. Gerhard Meyer University of Bremen. Frequency of gambling-related citations over time. Prof. Dr. Gerhard Meyer University of Bremen.

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Prof. Dr. Gerhard Meyer University of Bremen

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  1. Gambling problems in history “I believe that the game of dice has exactly the same effect than wine.“ (Pascasius Iustus, 1561) Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  2. Frequency of gambling-related citations over time Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  3. Online gambling – Addictive potential Hayer, Bachmann & Meyer (2005); Meyer & Hayer (2008) Availability(24/7) Demosites Loweringthresholds Extensivemarketing Event frequency Stimulates escapism Anonymity Multiple products Consumer-friendly offers Cashless moneytransfer Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  4. Assessment tool: Risk potential of gambling types (I) Meyer et al. (2011) Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  5. Assessment tool: Risk potential of gambling types (II) Meyer et al. (2011) Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  6. Classification of gambling types Meyer et al. (2011) Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  7. Youth and online gambling Ólason et al. (2011):Survey of 1,537 Icelandic students aged 13-18 • The prevalence of youth online gambling has risen noticeably in recent years (2003/04: 2 %; 2007/08: 24 %). • 4 % of the sample participate at least weekly in Internet gambling (mostly boys). • Almost all adolescents with online gambling experience gamble offline simultaneously. • A relatively large number of Internet gamblers are problem gamblers(Internet gamblers: 7.7 %; non-Internet gamblers: 1.1 %) Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  8. Adults and Internet gambling Wood & Williams (2009) Referstocross-sectionaldata Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  9. Selected research findings(I) • Wiebe et al. (2003) found that gamblers with severe gambling-related problems often gamble online as well. • Wood & Williams (2007) verified with a sample of 1,920 online gamblers that 22.6 % of the subjects have moderate gambling-related problems and further 20.1 % have severe gambling-related problems. • McBride et al. (2006) examined adolescents / young adults and realized that demo sites are visited comparatively often. • A field test with a 16-year old female pupil could prove that a registration was blocked by only 7 of a total of 37 randomly selected gambling websites (GamCare, 2005). Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  10. Selected research findings (II) • Wood et al. (2007) demonstrated that 18 % of the interviewed online poker players (422 students) are problem gamblers. Predictors of gambling-related problems are negative emotions after gambling, giving the wrong gender identity while playing, and escaping problems while gambling. • According to Tryggvesson (2007) the proportion of people with gambling-related problems among online poker players is significantly higher (26.8 %), resp. among online gamblers (8,1 %) still noticeably higher than among offline gamblers (2,1 %). • Research on online slot machine gambling leads to the conclusion that the odds paid during demo sessions and real play for money differ signicantly among some providers (Sévigny et al., 2005). Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  11. Internet gambling – Current knowledge (I) The theoretical analysis of structural characteristics of Internet gambling implies a high addictive potential.But: Differences between gambling forms are necessary! Online surveys with self-selected samples suggest that online gamblers are significantly more often problem gamblers.But: Generalizations are illegitimate based on self-selected samples! First epidemiological studies seem to confirm the high addictive potential associated with Internet gambling.But: Small number of cases/ cause and effect is unknown! Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  12. Internet gambling – Current knowledge (II) The longitudinal analysis of actual online gambling behavior (bwin subscribers) indicates that only a small fraction of the cohort shows excessive gambling patterns.But: Analysis is restricted to a single provider of online gambling! • Advantages of actual Internet gambling behavior: Economics (time, effort, costs), temporal precision, large sample, objectivity of acquisition, longitudinal study • Disadvantages: Lack of representativeness of sample and behavior, lack of data validity (missing information on use of other forms, on gambling motivation, on gambling-related problems etc.), prediction of behavior on restricted data base is limited Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  13. Pathological gambling – Criminal offences (I)Meyer, Althoff & Stadler (1998) % Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  14. Pathological gambling – Criminal offences (II)Meyer, Althoff & Stadler (1998) Pathological gamblers in treatment (n=300) Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  15. Pathological gambling – Criminal offences (III)Meyer, Althoff & Stadler (1998) % Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  16. Case study • Banker (male, 24 years) embezzled 26,500 Euro • Pathological gambler (sports betting) • Gambling on 7 different sites • Self-exclusion with two sites (opening a second account with one site after 3 weeks: same name, same bank account, different email address • Loss of 28,000 Euro in two days • Conclusion: Data form a single provider don‘t offer sufficient information on addictive behavior. Provider certified as save and fair don‘t behave responsible. Cross-linking of self-exclusion data is necessary. Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  17. Early detection of gambling problems on the Internet • Analysis of gambling behavior (Behavior Tracking Tools) • Comparison with versions that cover characteristics of problem gamblers • Implicates low threshold measures • Useful, innovative measures of player protection • Integration in corporate culture, no lip service • Politics must demand early detection and control it Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  18. … and finally 6 thesis… • Growing turnover figures of online gambling are to be expected, independent of prevailing regulatory frameworks! • The enforcement of a total ban of online gambling seems unrealistic and cost-intensive. Obviously, the prohibitive approach doesn‘t fulfill the function of averting risk! • The impact of smartphones in the acceleration of online gambling servives will increase! • A growing number of persons is going to develop problems related to online gambling! • The Internet confronts addiciton prevention with new challenges. At the same time, however, it offers promising approaches for player protection such as early detection of at-risk behavior based on actual gambling behavior! • An independent evaluation of implementations of social concepts is necessary as gambling providers get a significant proportion of revenues from gambling addicts (up to 56 %, depending on type of gambling)! Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

  19. Thank you for your attention! Prof. Dr. Gerhard MeyerUniversity of Bremen

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