Distributed Systems Architectures Chap 12 Instructor: Haya Sammaneh

1. Distributed Systems ArchitecturesChap 12Instructor: Haya Sammaneh

2. Topics covered • Multiprocessor architectures • Client-server architectures • Distributed object architectures

3. Distributed systems • Virtually all largecomputer-basedsystems are now distributed systems. • Information processing is distributed over several computers rather than confined to a single machine.

4. Distributed system: characteristics • Resource sharing • Sharing of hardware and softwareresources. • Openness • Use of equipment and software from different vendors. • Concurrency • Concurrent processing to enhance performance. • Scalability • Increased throughput by adding new resources. • Fault tolerance • The ability to continue in operation after a fault has occurred.

5. Distributed system: disadvantages • Complexity • Typically, distributed systems are more complex than centralised systems. • Security • More prone to external attack. • Manageability • More effort required for system management. • Unpredictability • Unpredictable responses depending on network load.

6. System types • Personal systems that are not distributed and that are designed to run on a personal computer or workstation. • Embedded systems that run on a single processor or on an integrated group of processors. • Distributed systems where the system software runs on a loosely integrated group of processorslinked by a network.

7. Distributed systems: architectures • Multiprocessor architectures • Client-server architectures • Distributed services which are called on by clients. Servers that provide services are treated differently from clients that use services. • Distributed object architectures • No distinction between clients and servers. Any object on the system may provide and use services from other objects.

8. 1-Multiprocessor architectures • Simplest distributed system model. • System composed of multiple processes which may execute on different processors. • Architectural model of many large real-time systems.

9. A multiprocessor traffic control system

10. Middleware • It is a software that manages and supportsthe different components of a distributed system. • In essence, it sits in the middleof the system. • Middleware is usually off-the-shelf (COTS) rather than specially written software.

11. 2- Client-server architectures • Clientsknow of servers but servers need not know of clients. • The mapping of processors to processes is not necessarily 1 : 1.

12. A client-server system

13. ApplicationLayer: architecture • Presentation layer • Concerned with presenting the results of a computationto system users and with collecting user inputs. • Application processing layer • Concerned with providing application functionality e.g., in a banking system, banking functions such as open account, close account, etc. • Data management layer • Concerned with managing the system databases.

14. Application layers

15. Thin and fat clients • Thin-client model • In a thin-client model, the server is responsible for all of the application processing layer anddata management layer. • The clientis responsible for running the presentation software. • Fat-client model • In this model, the server is only responsible for data management layer. • The clientis responsible for running the presentation software and the application processing layer

16. Thin and fat clients

17. Thin client model • Used whenlegacy systems are migrated to client - server architectures. The legacy system acts as a serverwith a graphical interface implemented on a client. • A major disadvantage is that it places a heavy processing load on both the server and the network.

18. Fat client model • More processing is delegated to the client as the application processing is locally executed. • Most suitable for new C/S systems where the capabilities of the client system are known in advance. • More complex than a thin client model especially for management.

19. Three-tier architectures – 3-tier • In a three-tier architecture, each of the application architecture layers may execute on a separate processor. • Allows for better performance than a thin-client approach and is simpler to manage than a fat-client approach. • A more scalable architecture - as demands increase, extra servers can be added. • Used for large scale application with many client

20. A 3-tier C/S architecture

21. An internet banking system

22. Types of client-server architecture

23. 3- Distributed object architectures • There is no distinction in a distributed object architectures between clients and servers. • Each entity is an object that provides services to other objects and receives services from other objects. • communication is done through a middleware system. • However, distributed object architectures are more complex to design than C/S systems.

24. Distributed object architecture

25. Advantages of distributed object architecture • It is a very open system architecture that allows new resources to be added to it as required. • The system is flexible and scaleable. • It is possible to reconfigure the system dynamicallywith objects migrating across the network as required.

26. Peer-to-peer architectures • Peer to peer (p2p) systems are decentralised systems where computations may be carried out by any node in the network. • No distinction between clients and servers.

27. P2p architectural models • The logical network architecture • Decentralised architectures; • Semi-centralised architectures.

28. Decentralised p2p architecture

29. Semi-centralised p2p architecture

30. Key points • Distributed systems support resource sharing, openness, concurrency, scalability, fault tolerance and transparency. • Client-server architectures involve services being delivered by servers to programs operating on clients. • User interface software always runs on the client and data management on the server. Application functionality may be on the client or the server. • In a distributed object architecture, there is no distinction between clients and servers.

31. Key points • Distributed object systems require middleware to handle object communications and to add and remove system objects. • Peer to peer architectures are decentralised architectures where there is no distinction between clients and servers.