RADIATION PROTECTION & RADIOBIOLOGY

1. RADIATION PROTECTION & RADIOBIOLOGY RT 244 – 2006 WEEK 7 CD# 3 CH. 6 STAT

6. CELLULAR RADIATION EFFECTS • # 3 APPLICATIONS OF DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS • THERAPTEUTIC USE IN TREATING • MALIGNANT DISEASES • UNDERSTANDING BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF LOW DOSE RADIATION

7. RESPONSE DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO DOSE

8. A = STOCHASTIC “CHANCE” EFFECTS GENETIC, LEUKEMIA, CANCER DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY B= NON-STOCHASTIC THRESHOLD EFFECTS DETERMINISTIC SOMATIC EFFECTS SKIN ERYTHEMA, CATARACTS, STERILITY RAD -MALIGNANCIES SOMATIC & GENETICSTOCHASTIC VS NON STOCHASTIC

10. PG 137

16. # 7 – Dose Response Relationships LINEAR NON THRESHOLD • ASSUMES ANY AMOUNT OF RADIATION IS CAPABLE OF CAUSING A BIOLOGIC RESPONSE • THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RADIATION DOSE AND BIOLOGIC RESPONSE IS CONSIDERED TO BE DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL

19. Acute Radiation Syndrome • To see a response quickly – doses must be very high • Early or Acute Effect • Early Pioneers - Late Somatic Effects discovered • 1912 X-ray Dermatits

20. # 8 ACUTE EFFECTS (XRAY DERMATITIS) EFFECTS SEEN WITHIN MINUTES, HOURS, DAYS WEEKS

24. Occurs from accidents or nuclear weapons Results from HIGH DOSES : Nausea Blood disorders intestinal disorders fever fatique depression of the sperm count temporary or permanent sterility in both sexes, Cardiovascular CNS shedding of skin layer # 9 4 STAGES OF ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME (ARS)

25. # 9 4 STAGES OF ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME (ARS) • PRODROMAL • LATENT PERIOD • MANIFEST ILLNESS • RECOVERY OR DEATH

26. The graph depicts the stages of acute radiation syndrome following a whole-body reception of large doses of ionizing radiation delivered over a short period of time. The length of time involved for the syndrome to run its course and the final outcome of the syndrome depends on the dose received.

27. PRODROMAL • OCCURS WITHIN HOURS OF 1 GY (100 rad) • NAUSEA, VOMITING, DIARRHEA, FATIQUE • DECREASED IN WBC’S • LASTS A FEW HOURS – TO SEVERAL DAYS

29. LATENT • NOT FEEL ANY SYMPTOMS • LASTS ABOUT 1 WEEK

30. MANIFEST ILLNESS • WIDE RANGE OF SYMPTOMS LEADING TO : • APATHY, • CONFUSTION, • EPILATION , • WBC & RBC DECREASE, • DIARREHEA, VOMITING • HEADACHES, • TO CARDIOVASCULAR COLLAPSE

31. RECOVERY OR DEATH • DEPENDS OF AMOUNT OF DAMAGE • DEATH WILL NOT USUALLY OCCUR UNDER 1 GY (100 RAD)

33. SUB LEATHAL 2 – 3 GY (May have recovery) • SUPERLEATHAL 6 –10 GY • SURVIVAL DOES NOT MEAN END OF EFFECTS – • CAN EFFECT THE FUTURE GENERATIONS (GENETIC EFFECTS) • OR RESULT IN CANCER

36. CHERYNOBYL POWER PLANT IN RUSSIA • One such accident occurred in April 26, 1986, at the Chernobyl Plant outside Kiev in Ukraine in 1986. • This was the most serious accident at a nuclear plant that the world has seen so far. • The accident occurred when an improperly conducted experiment in one of the reactors caused an explosion. • The explosion blew off the top of the reactor, releasing 100 million curies of radionuclides into the atmosphere. More than thirty people who were at the site of the reactor when it exploded died immediately or shortly after the accident.

39. CHERYNOBYL POWER PLANT IN RUSSIA EXPLODED 1986 • 2 PEOPLE DIED INSTANTLY • 29 PEOPLE DIED WITHIN 3 MONTHS FROM BURNS AND SEVERE INJURIES – WHOLE BODY DOSE OF 6+ GY • 200 HAD ACUTE RADIATION ILLNESS – DOSE EXCEEDING 1 SV • MASS EVAUCATIONS OF OVER 100,000 PEOPLE • MAY RESULT IN OVER 20,000 MALIGNANCIES • 10 YEARS LATER MANY THYROID CANCERS HAVE BEEN SEEN IN CHILDREN

40. An area around the site with a 30-mile radius was evacuated. • Since the accident doctors have found a striking increase of thyroid cancer among people, especially children, living in contaminated regions in Ukraine and Belarus.

43. The child is a victim of the 1986 nuclear power plant explosion at Chernobyl suffering from leukemia

44. Five-year-old Alec Zhloba from a town in Belarus is suffering from leukemia. • Some 70 percent of the fallout from the 1986 Chernobyl disaster fell on Belarus.

45. These children live in a village not far from the Chernobyl nuclear plant. Four years after the 1986 Chernobyl accident, these children are suffering intestinal problems from exposure to radiation.

46. Annya was born in 1990 in a village highly contaminated by the Chernobyl nuclear meltdown of 1986. • A cancerous brain tumour at the age of four marked the end of Annya's childhood and the beginning of a life of pain and illness. • Annya, now 15 and bed-ridden, has spent her life in and out of hospital, between tumours and life support.

47. Recovery • EXPLOSION • Burns – infection = septicemia • Other injuries • Bone Marrow Transplant 13 / 1

48. Radiation protection was primarily a non-governmental function until the late 1940s. After World War II, the development of the atomic bomb and nuclear reactors caused the Federal government to establish policies dealing with human exposure to radiation. In 1959, the Federal Radiation Council was established THE PLUTONIOUM FILES

49. Japan Bombing • August 6, 1945 • An atomic bomb exploded over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. • A second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki

50. Between 70,000 and 80,000 people died right away; perhaps as many died from radiation or injuries.