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Landscape Pattern

Landscape Pattern. Landscape Components (attributes of features or spatial elements) landscape are comprised of: - corridors - patches - matrix. Landscape Pattern. Landscape Components (attributes of features or spatial elements) landscape are comprised of:

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Landscape Pattern

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  1. Landscape Pattern • Landscape Components (attributes of features or spatial elements) landscape are comprised of: - corridors - patches - matrix

  2. Landscape Pattern • Landscape Components (attributes of features or spatial elements) landscape are comprised of: - corridors - patches - matrix • Composition • Configuration • Connectivity Relative to landscape spatial elements….

  3. How much of the area is comprised of each type of spatial element? How are spatial elements arranged in space? How do these attributes change through time?

  4. How does one quantify landscape pattern? How do biotic communities interact with pattern?

  5. Landscape Pattern Patch-Corridor-Matrix Model • Patch – relatively homogeneous ecological unit; differentiated from landscape as a whole • Corridor – linear element that differs from matrix on either side; form & context determines function (habitat, conduit, barrier, filter) • Matrix – element encompassing greatest relative area; most connected; dominant role in landscape dynamics

  6. Landscape PatternPatches Defining patches using vector data • Digitizing = delineating polygon patches using remotely-sensed data (e.g., DOQ) based on visual interpretation of patch boundaries; subjective, but ground truthing needed DOQ Vector Coverage

  7. Landscape PatternPatches Defining patches using raster data • Satellite sensor = delineating pixel-shaped patches based on spectral signatures; aggregating cells based on shared attributes DOQ Raster Coverage

  8. Landscape Pattern Patches • Patch defined relative to phenomenon investigated (scale relevant) • Patches are dynamic and occur at a multiple scales (space & time) • Patch boundaries meaningful only when referenced to particular scale & phenomenon; resolution impt., gradients or discrete boundaries?

  9. Landscape Pattern Corridors • linear elements

  10. Landscape Pattern Corridors • Definition based on function….. • Habitat – increase connectivity by providing breeding habitat…facilitate gene flow • Facilitated Movement – increase connectivity by facilitating dispersal, migration, and/or range shifts • Barrier or Filter – prohibit (barrier) or impede differentially (filter) movements

  11. Landscape Pattern Corridors Facilitated Movement Corridors • Roads/right-of-ways • Woody strips, windbreaks, fencerows • Riparian corridors Do corridors function to facilitate movement of organisms among patches, thereby mitigating against land use in the matrix?

  12. Landscape Pattern Corridors Facilitated Movement Corridors • Selectivity (s): degree of discrimination of possible pathways • Resistance (k): survival cost per unit time spent in corridor • Velocity (v): avg rate of movement through • Final evaluation = immigration rate

  13. Landscape Pattern Corridors Barriers & Filters • Roads/right-of-ways • Riparian corridors Do corridors function to prevent or impede movement of organisms among patches and across the landscape (i.e., decrease landscape connectivity)? Yes, but dependent on: • Corridor type & width • Frequency of human and other spp. activity in corridor • Mobility & behavior of species

  14. Landscape Pattern Matrix • Most abundant and highest connectivity • Defined relative to phenomenon studied • Dynamic and variable with scale • Influences choice of landscape metrics for measuring pattern

  15. Causes of Landscape Pattern • Abiotic Factors • Biotic Factors • Human Landuse • Disturbance & Succession What is the dominant force here?

  16. Landscape Pattern Climate & Landform • Primary constraints on vegetation pattern: • Climate….long-term, prevailing weather affects energy & water dist’n • Temperature (elevation) • Moisture (exposure) • Landform…. Geomorphology; physical relief & soil

  17. Merriam

  18. Landscape Pattern Landform Effects • Topographic patterns • elevation • aspect • parent material • slope • Influencing air & ground temps., moisture, nutrients, pollutants

  19. Landscape Pattern Landform Effects • Flow of Materials • Organisms • Propagules • Energy • Water • DOM & inorganics

  20. Landscape Pattern Landform Effects • Disturbance Regime • Exogenous agents • Frequency, Intensity, & Spatial Patterning components

  21. Landscape Pattern Landform Effects • Geomorphic Processes • Frequency & spatial patterning

  22. Influence of landform – spatial pattern of species distribution

  23. Causes of Landscape PatternPhysical Template • Inferences about physical gradients are confounded because: • Each factor has specific spatial scale = behaves at its own scale: • Soil depth & texture • cm and all other scales • Topography • 10’s to 100’s m • Temperature • 100’s m (elevation) or 100’s km (latitude) • Precipitation • 100’s m (elevation)

  24. Historical Context

  25. Influence of Global Climate Change

  26. Common N.A. trees – contractions & radiations in distribution

  27. Modeling Changes in Landscape (vegetative) Patterns – Global Climate Change

  28. Causes of Landscape Pattern • Biotic Factors • Competition • Predation

  29. Causes of Landscape Pattern • Competition • Competitive exclusion could lead to homogenous spatial pattern at least at some spatial scale • Multiple stable states (stochastic disturbance patterns can mitigate influence of competition) (e.g., Allee Effect) • Influence of disturbance events (abiotic and human)

  30. Causes of Landscape Pattern • Competition • Species-mediated interactions (e.g., keystone sp.) • Dominant organisms (typically impact processes and pattern over large spatial and temporal scales) – primarily herbivores? • e.g., beaver, bison, elephants, other megafauna? • Pleistocene megafauna and vegetation patterns

  31. Causes of Landscape Pattern • Predation • keystone sp • ecology of fear • Trophic cascades

  32. Causes of Landscape Pattern • Human Land Use • Prehistoric, Historic, Present Effects • Shift from nomadic hunter-gatherer to farming systems

  33. Human Land Use Practices • Agriculture • Suburban Development • *Landuse / Landcover Data from USGS sources (typically resolution to 30 m)

  34. Causes of Landscape Pattern • Human Land Use • Present Effects • Extraction of natural resources • Patterns of development • Transportation networks

  35. Roads: Formation of Barriers in Landscapes

  36. Clearcuts and National Forest Management

  37. Patch Clearcuts

  38. Causes of Landscape Pattern • Disturbance & Succession

  39. Patch Clearcuts Simulating Natural Disturbance

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