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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Drugs Narcotics Classifications Effects on human systems. Narcotics Schedule I. Produce sleep and lethargy Opium: deriva tive of poppy plant Morphine : extracted from opium Product of heroin metabolism. Morphine is a controlled substance used as a pain reducer/killer.

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 • Drugs • Narcotics • Classifications • Effects on human systems

  2. NarcoticsSchedule I • Produce sleep and lethargy • Opium: derivative of poppy plant • Morphine: extracted from opium • Product of heroin metabolism

  3. Morphine is a controlled substance • used as a pain reducer/killer

  4. Morphine was widely used in WW II for pain relief; lightweight, Easy to carry, VERY effective

  5. Numerous soldiers became addicted but not publicized. Barney Ross/boxer

  6. heroin derived from morphine • popular as a drug • easily dissolved in water for injection ( highly soluble) ‘good’ for street sales

  7. heroin on street is higher % today • compared with 60’s • laced with quinine and /or starch, • even Novocain

  8. Codeine- another derivative of opium • preparation more involved • synthetic, not a naturally occurring derivative • cough suppressant- controlled substance

  9. Non-opium derivatives are called opiates. • Similar physiological effects of opium and its derivatives.

  10. OxyContin • Percosset, Hydrocodone used for pain • management • Methadone- used as treatment for • heroin addicts • heroin need diminished • minimal side effects with • the methadone

  11. Hallucinogens Marijuana- Cannabis sativa Hashish is the resin produced by plant

  12. Hemp- plant used to produce natural rope materials History to Chinese in 2000’s BC

  13. Napoleon credited /blamed for bringing marijuana to the west. Central, South Americas have moderate temperatures and climate, with much rain, favorable for the growth of marijuana- smuggling!

  14. Dicot- 5-9 leaves,branching veins on leaves Produces seeds, flower, stem , leaves all used in preparation of drugs

  15. THC= tetrahydrocannabinol • isolated in 1964 • THC also sold illegally as hallucinogen- inhalant; crystalline form

  16. Resin has highest concentration of THC- hashish- stronger effects than leaves, stem, etc. • Hashish oil highest concentration

  17. Read National Report: p. 243 • Legal uses today- relieves pressure associated with glaucoma • -relieves nausea for patients on chemo

  18. Marijuana Dispensary • Montclair, NJ • 1st dispensary since law changed last year for medical marijuana.

  19. Mycology • Fungi, mushroom, mold, mildews slime molds, yeasts • Fungi: Kingdom • fungi organisms, • No ‘J’ sound but G (guh)

  20. Lysergic acid diethylmide- LSD- synthesized from ergot fungus Salem witch trials

  21. Hallucinogens • Hallucinogenic mushrooms, fungi can be deadly in shamanistic ceremony • Gut contents examined reveal fungi Some laws do not keep up with hallucinogenic mushrooms found • Stophariaaeruginos not illegal • Psylocibin; class A drug; illegal Some mushrooms not known or have no regulation/legality

  22. Long lasting effects- • Phenylcyclidine with LSD= angel dust- • detachment- strength- inhibitions gone • Violence, depression suicide possible

  23. Mescaline, phenylcyclidine, PCP and psilocybin (fungus)AKA mushrooms methylenedioxymethamphetamine = ecstasy

  24. Depressants • Alcohol(not a true drug) • Barbituates:produce sleep • suppress CNS

  25. Source- barbituric acid Yellow jackets, blue devils and reds are slang for barbitol drugs pheno, seconal, pento, buto, etc

  26. Tranquilizers • Depressants but do not induce sleep nor do they directly depress CNS

  27. Valium and Librium are commonly prescribed tranquilizers

  28. Inhalants • Volatile substances, usually solvents that are CNS depressants • Airplane glue, freon, naptha, methyl ethyl ketone, gasoline, white-out! • Liver, heart, may suffer from chemicals inhaled.

  29. Amphetamines • Stimulants of CNS • Speed • Stimulation then depression • Increased heart rate • hyperactivity • euphoria

  30. A false sense of energy • Injection common but also taken in pill form • Benzedrine, hexadine • Ice= solidified form of methamphetamine smoked • long hours of effects

  31. Cocaine • In a chemical class by itself • From Erythroxylon coca- plant originally grown in Andes Mt. • South America & Southern Asia http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy. gov/pdf/street_terms.pdf

  32. Freud used cocaine • Wrote of euphoric sensation • Pain killer or anesthetic used in past for medicinal purposes- no longer • Euphoria, energy, alertness • Low appetite (weight loss)

  33. Crack smoked ; inhaled and absorbed through mucus membranes in sinus • Cocaine, inhaled, injected (free-base) or smoked (diffused in lung tissue to blood stream) • Death possible- heart failure

  34. Ecstasy Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Aka; MDMA Patented as appetite suppressant Rohpynol AKARoofies CNS depressant GHB gamma hydroxybutyrate CNS depressant Club Drugs

  35. Club Drugs + -OH • If combined with alcohol • intense depressant combination • Roofies; date rape drug • These two usually in concert

  36. Steroids • Anabolic- similar to testosterone • Androgenic effects- male • Enhanced strength- promotes muscular development • Liver problems, thyroid • and kidney difficulties • 1991 classified as controlled, dangerous substances • Now on schedule III

  37. Schedules II-V? which drugs?In textbook…read Laws- see p. 251 • Controlled Substances Act p. 251 in 1970 • Schedules 1-5- based on potential for abuse, dependence and medical value. • Schedule I; heroin, LSD, marijuana • II: barbs and amphetamines • III: steroids, codeine • IV: valium, librium • V: non-narcotic medicines

  38. Drug TestsDaubert accepted • Cocaine: Scott test – blue to pink w/HCl • Barbituates:Dillie-Koppanyi-violet blue • Heroin, Morphine: Marquis-purple, orange brown for amphetamines • Duquenois-Levine: marijuana, THC,purple again! • Van Urk: LSD-blue- purple • Reagents used are HCl, chloroform ionization potential is great

  39. Crystalline tests useful tool • Identify the crystalline geometry of a particular drug using the same reagents under the microscope • Small quantities? • P. 257 heroin under scope, b image with mercuric iodine most useful • Also, infrared tests and spectrophotometry can identify substance

  40. Drug ID in crime labs • Drug ID with chromatography and mass spectrometry from urine, blood and other tissues noted in toxicology ppt.

  41. Reading to do… • Tests for drugs- see 255-256. • Do review questions p. 261-263

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