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EMDR treatment of Chronic Pain

EMDR treatment of Chronic Pain. Mark Grant, MA London, 2-3 November, 2012 Sponsored by EMDR Association of UK. Aims of this workshop. To understand the nature of pain and the contribution of trauma, personality factors and injury to pain.

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EMDR treatment of Chronic Pain

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  1. EMDR treatment of Chronic Pain Mark Grant, MA London, 2-3 November, 2012 Sponsored by EMDR Association of UK Mark & Ana Grant

  2. Aims of this workshop • To understand the nature of pain and the contribution of trauma, personality factors and injury to pain. • To develop assessment skills regarding the contribution of these factors to pain. • To learn how to resolve and/or manage pain (both traumatic and ‘medical’ pain) using EMDR. • To learn how to reduce impact of pain on clients identity and self-esteem. • To learn how and when to integrate EMDR with other treatment modalities. • To enjoy this learning experience. Mark Grant

  3. Trauma and pain Mark Grant

  4. Axel Munthe Mark Grant

  5. Pierre Janet Mark Grant

  6. Sigmund Freud Mark Grant

  7. Trauma and pain “..result of exposure to an inescapably stressful event that overwhelms a person's coping mechanisms… The trauma response involves hyper-reactivity to stimuli and traumatic reexperiencing[as well as] psychic numbing, avoidance, amnesia and anhedonia. - Van der Kolk, 1994 “Somatization disorder is primarily one of autonomic/physiological trauma memory.” - Colin Ross Mark Grant MA

  8. Pain ‘nociception + emotion’ - Price, 2000 “an altered brain state in which there may be altered functional connections or systems and … degenerative aspects of the CNS.” - Borsook et al., 2007 Mark Grant MA

  9. DSM Categorization of pain • Pain disorder associated with psychological factors (eg; PTSD, depression) • Pain disorder associated with both psychological factors and a medical condition (eg; some types headache pain, vaginismus) • Pain disorder associated with a medical condition only(eg; cancer pain, arthritis) Mark Grant MA

  10. Pain disorders associated with psychological factors • Conversion disorder • Somatization Disorder • Pain Disorder • Hypochondriasis • Body Dysmorphic Disorder Mark Grant

  11. Conversion disorder • Motor symptoms; Paralysis or weakness. Balance problems, swallowing problems, lump in throat • Sensory symptoms; Visual problems, deafness, altered pain or touch sensations • Seizures or convulsions; Like epileptic fits • Mixed presentation Mark Grant

  12. Trauma-related disorders • Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) • Complex PTSD • Borderline Personality Disorder • Dissociative Disorders (DID, DDNOS) • Somatoform Disorders (somatization disorder, conversion disorder) - Van der Hart, Nijenhuis & Steele (2006) Mark Grant

  13. Pain and PTSD Mark Grant MA

  14. Types of Trauma associated with Pain • Work accidents, MVA’s • Abuse/Neglect • Attachment problems • Complicated bereavement • Diagnosis of a life-threatening illness, • Childbirth, abortion, • Combat trauma, • Exposure to political violence Mark Grant MA

  15. Types of pain associated with trauma (Diseases of Stress) • Immune system disorders • Pelvic pain • Abdominal pain • Myofacial pain • Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) • Fibromyalgia • TMJ • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) • Headaches Mark Grant

  16. 2 main types of pain Mark Grant MA

  17. Mechanisms • Psychological: Insufficient safety and support ( < emotional distress ) Dissociation Affect regulation problems • Neurological: Central sensitization Biochemical imbalances • Hereditary: Genetic factors • Physiological: Tissue damage CNS disorders Mark Grant

  18. Trauma-related symptoms • PTSD symptoms (eg; flashbacks, hypervigilance) • Dissociative symptoms • Affect regulation problems • Somatization • Depression • Relationship problems • Identity issues - van der Kolk (1996) Mark Grant

  19. Traditional view of ANS Mark Grant

  20. Porges view of ANS ‘SAFE’ ‘DANGEROUS’ ‘LIFE-THREATENING’ Mark Grant

  21. Insufficient safety &/or support • Increased likelihood of unhealthy behaviors. • Poor self-care. • Increased stress reactivity, and • Decreased healing capacity. Mark Grant

  22. Dissociation “..a traumatic event whose completion is truncated by lack of spontaneous resolution of a freeze/immobility response … is associated with a complex set of somatic pathologic events characterized by cyclical autonomic dysregulation, and an evolving state of vagal dominance involving primarily the dorsal vagal nucleus. The experimental model of kindling is intrinsic to the self-perpetuation of this pathologic process, driven by internal cues derived from unresolved procedural memory of threat, and enhanced by endorphinergic mechanisms inherent to both the initial response to threat, and subsequent freeze/dissociation.” ` Robert Scaer, 2001 Mark Grant

  23. Dissociation “Endpoint of chronically experiencing catastrophic states of relational trauma in early life: progressive impairment of ability to adjust, take defensive action, or act on one’s own behalf, and a blocking of the capacity to register affect and pain, all critical to survival. - Shore, 1993 “..the younger a person is when flooded by trauma, the more likely that person will be to dread affective experience, leading affects to be mostly somaticized, poorly verbalized and poorly differentiated. - Krystal, 1974 Mark Grant

  24. Dissociation “Pathology results when unprocessed experiences are … unable to link up with anything adaptive.” - Shapiro, 2007 “there is a sense of being cut off … from embodied existence… a fragmentation of the self… In dissociation the hemispheres are more than usually disengaged” - McGilchrist, 2009 Mark Grant

  25. Mark Grant

  26. Central sensitization • “Stressors have destructive effects on muscle, skeletal and hippocampal neural tissue, which may become the immediate basis of pain, or provide a basis for the devastating effects of later minor injuries in which the severity of pain is disproportionately far greater than would be expected from the injury.” - Melzack, 1999 Mark Grant

  27. Pain in the brain Mark Grant

  28. Neurological changes • Biochemical changes; eg; reduced neurotransmitter levels, reduced BDNF • Structural changes; eg; decreased grey matter in Fibromyalgia sufferers (x3 times normal ageing), reduced hippocampal volume • Functional changes; eg; homeostasis problems, reduced communication between hemispheres, increased activity in dorsal horn area etc. • Schema/body-map Altered body-image Mark Grant MA

  29. Biochemical changes (from stress to pain) Mark Grant MA

  30. Genetic factors Mark Grant

  31. Genetic factors (PTSD) Mark Grant MA

  32. Genetic factors (pain) Mark Grant MA

  33. Implications Mark Grant MA

  34. AIP model (EMDR) • “Pathology results when unprocessed experiences are … unable to link up with anything adaptive.” • “The stored memories contain within them the emotional and physical sensations of the frightening events.” • “Present situations are viewed as triggers for past, unprocessed events.” - Shapiro, 2007. Mark Grant

  35. AIP model and pain ‘As with traumatic memories, chronic pain may be a result of unassimilated neurobiologically stored memories related to the source of the pain itself (accident, onset of illness, and so on), the long-standing state of pain, medical procedures or other unresolved distressing events.’ - Bergmann, 1998; Flor, 2002, Schneider et al, 2007) Mark Grant

  36. AIP model and pain. “Except for organic damage or lack of information, inadequately processed or inappropriately stored memories are the basis of all clinical pathology” Shapiro, 2009 Mark & Ana Grant

  37. Implications from Neuroscience • “ Decreases in stress and manipulation of the HPA component of the stress system are likelier to produce pain relief … than traditional lines of therapy.” Kozin, 1993 • “ In order to produce lasting effects, psychotherapy should restructure neural networks, particularly in the subcortical-limbic system which is responsible for unconscious emotional motivations and dispositions. ‘Insight’ or ‘appeal’ reach only corticohippocampal structures, which correspond to conscious memory and cognition, but have only very limited effects on the motivational system.” • Fuchs, 2004 Mark Grant MA

  38. Why EMDR? • [EMDR is] Consistent with new theories of pain (eg; Neuromatrix, LAPs) incorporating memory, perception, central sensory dysfunction, and role of limbic system in augmenting pain intensity & suffering. - Ray & Zbik, 2001 • Similarities and overlap between trauma and pain (physical, psychological & neurological) - Grant, 1998, 2002 • Emphasis on affect (‘bottom-up’ approach) • Research (over 10 published studies) • Limitations of existing approaches Mark Grant MA

  39. EMDR rx pain • Fibromyalgia • Conversion disorder • Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome • Chronic Low Back Pain • Chronic Fatigue Disorder • Psycho-physiological dizziness syndrome • Capsulitis • Vaginissmus • Phantom Limb pain • Burn pain Mark Grant

  40. EMDR treatment of pain research • de Roos CJAM, Veenstra, AC, den Holllander-Gijsman, ME, van der Wee, NJA, de Jongh, A, Zitman, FG, van Rood, RY. (2006) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for Chronic Phantom Limb Pain (PLP): A preliminary study of 10 cases. Pain (In press) • Grant, M (2000) EMDR: a new treatment for trauma and chronic pain. Complimentary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery, 6, 91-94 Harcourt. • Grant, M. & Threlfo, C. (2002). EMDR in the treatment of chronic pain.  Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(12), 1505-1520.   • Hassard (1993) Investigation of Eye Movement Desensitization and reprocessing in Pain Clinic patients. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy Journal. 23. 177-185. • Hekmat, H. Groth, S. & Rogers, D. (1994) Pain ameliorating effects of eye movement desensitization. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 121-130. Mark Grant

  41. EMDR treatment of pain research • Mazzola, Alexandra, Calcagno, Marea, Lujon, Goicochea, et al., (2009) EMDR in the treatment of Chronic Pain. (2009) Journal of EMDR Practice and Research. 3(2) 66-79. • McCann, D.L. (1992) Posttraumatic stress disorder due to devastating burns overcome by a single session of eye-movement desensitization. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 23, 319-323.   • Ray, P., & Page, A. C. (2002). A single session of hypnosis and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of chronic pain. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 30, 170–178. • Schneider, Jens, Hofman, Arne, Rost, Christine, Shapiro, Francine. (2006) EMDR in the Treatment of Chronic Phantom Limb Pain. Pain Medicine (In press) • Wilson S.A., Tinker, R., Becker, L.A., Hofman, A. & Cole, J (2000 September). EMDR treatment of phantom limb pain with brain imaging (MEG). Paper presented at thee annual meeting of the EMDR Association, Toronto, Canada. Mark Grant

  42. Mazzola et al, 2009 Mark Grant MA

  43. Mark Grant

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