Laser Safety

1. Laser Safety Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

2. CHARACTERISTICS of LASER LIGHT • Monochromatic- “single color” • Coherent- waves are “in phase” • Highly Directional- resulting in very concentrated light energy (high “irradiance”) Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

3. COMPARE LIGHT FROM A LASER AND A FLASHLIGHT • Monochromatic • laser is single color; flashlight has rainbow spectrum • Coherent • Laser Speckle- due to wave interference • Highly Directional • Flashlight beam spreads much more than laser’s • Define Irradiance = Power/area; laser is lower power but much smaller area Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

4. What is Irradiance? Irradiance depends on both laser power and on the area being irradiated. It is a concept of central importance in laser safety. The symbol for irradiance is “E”, and the units are usually mW/cm2. Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

5. EXAMPLE: CALCULATION of IRRADIANCE A 5 mWatt laser makes a 2 mm by 3 mm spot on a wall. Find the irradiance. Power = 5 mWatt Area = 0.2 cm x 0.3 cm = 0.06 cm2 Irradiance = Power/Area = 5 mWatt / 0.06 cm2 = 83 mWatt / cm2 Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

6. Laser Safety Standards • Several organizations oversee standards for laser safety: • ANSI American National Standards Institute Reference for laser users • CDRH Center for Devices and Radiological Health Product safety standards for laser manufacturers • OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration Enforces regulations in the workplace • IEC International Electrotechnical Commission International standards organization, with 60 member countries Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

7. lens cornea retina optic nerve pupil Laser Eye Hazards The eye is the part of the body most vulnerable to laser hazards. Changes to the eye can occur at much lower laser power levels than changes to the skin. And, eye injuries are generally far more serious (life altering) than injuries to the skin. fovea iris Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

8. Absorption of Light by the Eye Lens Retina Cornea Mid and Far IR(1400 nm-1 mm) Mid UV (180 nm-315 nm) Laser Wavelength Region IR-C = 1 mm to 1400 nmIR-B = 3000 nm to 1400 nmIR-A = 1400 nm to 700 nmVisible light = 700 nm to 400 nm UV-A = 400 nm to 315 nmUV-B = 315 nm to 280 nmUV-C = 280 nm to 100 nm Near UV (315 nm-400 nm) Visible and Near IR (400 nm-1400 nm) Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

9. lens cornea retina pupil Irradiance at the Retina Example A laser pointer produces a 2-mW beam. The beam enters the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens to a spot on the retina 16 um in diameter. Find: The irradiance on the retina, assuming that all of the 2 mW of power is focused on the retina. Solution: Area of spot A = d2/4 = (1.6 x 10-3cm)2/4 = 2 x 10-6 cm2 Irradiance: E = P/A = 2 mW/[2 x 10-6 cm2] = 1000 W/cm2 Rule of thumb: The optics of the eye increase irradiance by a factor of 100,000! Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

10. Example of retinal damage due to laser exposure Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

11. Specular reflection Convex reflector Concave reflector Not all viewing conditions are the same Whether a reflection is specular or diffuse for a given surface depends on the laser wavelength. “Smooth” is relative to the laser wavelength. Diffuse reflection Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

12. LASER SKIN HAZARDS • Thermal hazards (skin burns) from high level of optical radiation • Photochemical hazards (accelerated aging and risk of skin cancer) due to ultraviolet radiation Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

13. NONBEAM HAZARDS • There are several nonbeam potential hazards associated with the use of lasers and laser systems. • Fire hazard • Explosion hazard • Electrical hazard • Chemical hazard • Laser generated air contaminants (LGAC) • Other hazards • Although loss of sight may be life altering, electrocution is the hazard most likely to end life! Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

14. NONBEAM HAZARDS • FIRE HAZARD • Class 4 laser systems represent a fire hazard. • Irradiances exceeding 10 W/cm2 or beam powers exceeding 0.5 W. • The use of flame-retardant materials is advisable and necessary. • Fires have occurred in medical facilities where oxygen provides an explosive environment. Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

15. NONBEAM HAZARDS • EXPLOSION HAZARD • High-pressure arc lamps, filament lamps, and capacitor banks in laser equipment shall be enclosed resulting from component disintegration. • The laser target and elements of the optical train that may shatter during laser operation shall also be enclosed or equivalently protected to prevent injury to operators and observers. • Explosive reactions of chemical laser reactants or other laser gases may be a concern in some cases. Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

16. NONBEAM HAZARDS • ELECTRICAL HAZARD This may occur from contact with exposed utility power use, device control, and power-supply conductors operating at potentials of 50 volts and above. These exposures can occur during laser setup or installation, maintenance, and service Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

17. NONBEAM HAZARDS • ELECTRICAL HAZARD • The following potential problems have frequently been identified during laser facility audits. • Uncovered electrical terminals • Improperly insulated electrical terminals • Hidden “power-up” warning lights • Non-earth-grounded or improperly grounded laser equipment Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

18. NONBEAM HAZARDS • CHEMICAL HAZARDS • Certain dyes are highly toxic or carcinogenic. • These dyes frequently have to be changed, special care must be taken when handling, preparing solutions, and operating dye lasers. Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

19. NONBEAM HAZARDS • LASER GENERATED AIR CONTAMINANTS • LGAC result from the interaction of high-energy laser radiation, assist gases used in material processing, and the material itself. • When lasers are used in a medical setting, particles of biological origin such as bacteria may be released into the air. Air filters and/or ventilation systems are usually required. Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

20. NONBEAM HAZARDS • OTHER HAZARDS • Compressed gases • Cryogenic liquids Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

21. Laser Hazard Classifications • Class 1: Cannot, under normal operating conditions, emit a hazardous level of optical radiation. • Included in this category is laboratory equipment using lasers with all beam paths and reflections enclosed. These are called “embedded lasers.” • Examples: • very low powered lasers (< 0.4 microwatts) • CD players, laser printers • Class 1M (NEW!) Eye safe unless focused by a optics Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

22. Laser Hazard Classifications • Class 2: low-power visible laser of more than 0.4 microwatts but less than1 milliwatt. The eye is protected by the “blink reflex.” • That is, the laser does not have enough output power to injure a person accidentally, but may injure the eye when stared at for a long period. • A “caution” label is required. • Examples: • Many low power HeNe lasers, especially in school labs • Lasers used for alignment procedures • Bar Code scanners • Class 2M (NEW!) Visible output, less than 1 mW, eye safe unless focused by a optics Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

23. Laser Hazard Classifications • Class 3a lasers—rated in power from 1 milliwatt to 5 milliwatts • Will not normally injure a person when viewed briefly with the unaided eye but may cause injury when viewed with a focusing device such as a lens or telescope. • A danger or caution sign must label the device, depending on its irradiance. • Examples: • many red laser pointers • some HeNe lab lasers IEC Class 3R is similar. Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

24. Laser Hazard Classifications (continued) • Class 3b lasers from 5 milliwatts to 500 milliwatts can produce eye • injury when viewed without eye protection. • This class of laser requires a danger label and could have dangerous • specular reflections. • Eye protection is required. • EXAMPLES : • 12 mW HeNe • 50 mW HeCd Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

25. Laser Hazard Classifications (continued) • Class 4 lasers above 500 milliwatts in power can injure you if viewed directly or by viewing either the specular and diffuse reflections of the beam. • These lasers can also present a fire hazard. • A danger sign will label this laser. • Eye and skin protection are required. Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

26. MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE (MPE) • Maximum permissible exposure(MPE)limits indicate the greatest exposure that most individuals can tolerate without sustaining injury. MPE depends on: • Wavelength • Output Energy and Power • Size of the Irradiated Area • Duration of Exposure • Pulse Repetition Rate • MPE is usually expressed in terms of the allowable exposure time (in seconds) for a given irradiance (in watts/cm2) at a particular wavelength. MPE’s are useful for determining optical densities for eyewear, filters or windows. Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

27. Nominal Hazard Zone (NHZ) This zone describes the region within which the level of direct, reflected, or scattered (diffuse) laser radiation is above the allowable MPE. The distance depends on whether or not the beam is direct, focused, or diffused, as well as the power and MPE. LASER f0 NHZ d NHZ illustrated for a focused laser beam Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

28. Choosing laser eyewear: Optical Density • The ability of a material to absorb light is sometimesexpressed in terms of optical density. • Optical density is a logarithmic quantity. • In terms of optical density (OD), transmittance is: Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

29. Optical Density Example: Laser goggles with OD = 2 at a particular wavelength have a transmittance of The goggles transmit 1% of the incident light at thespecific rated wavelength. Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

30. OD Transmission %Transmission 0 1 1.0 100% 1 10–1 0.1 10% 2 10–2 0.01  1% 3 10–3 0.001  0.1% 4 10–4 0.0001 0.01% 5 10–5 0.00001 0.001% 6 10–6 0.000001 0.0001% 7 10–7 0.0000001 0.00001% Optical Density T = 10-OD Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

31. Choosing the Optical Density for laser glasses To determine the required OD for safety glasses, comparethe irradiation incident on the eye(Eo) to the MPE (what is allowed to be transmitted to the eye) and take the log of the ratio. Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College

32. SAFETY RULES FOR LAB LASERS • Avoid looking directly into any laser beam or at its reflection.Be aware of the beam’s location. • Only trained qualified personnel should work with lasers • Don’t let friends and visitors to the lab play with the lasers • Keep room lights on whenever possible • Remove all watches, jewel and unnecessary specular (shiny) reflecting surfaces from the work area. • Don’t bend down below beam height • Use beam blocks • Wear laser safety eyewear • Report accidents immediately. • In the case of eye exposure consult an opthalmologist. Judy Donnelly Three Rivers Community College