Libbie (Henrietta) Hyman

1. Libbie (Henrietta) Hyman Ummm…. So, who is that?

2. BIOGRAPHY • Born December 6th, 1888 • Died August 3rd, 1969 (after the Hippies) • Received a B.A. in 1910 • Ph.D. in 1915 • Research assistant to Prof. Charles Manning Child • Studed under him earlier • Worked with him for SIXTEEN (16) years on his studies of lower invertebrates • Published over FORTY research articles. • Wrote two laboratory manuals • Laboratory Manual for Elementary Zoology (1919, 1929) • Laboratory Manual for Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (1922, 1942)

3. Her struggles • Life • Developed Parkinson’s disease during the 1950s • but continued her long work days • Was in a wheelchair, under the care of a nurse, when she completed the sixth volume of The Invertebrates • UNAFFECTIONATE MOTHER • Dun dunDUN!!!!!!  • Professional • 1931 - Hyman’s position at the University of Chicago ended • Department chair retired • No longer had a supporter in the department • According to Margaret W Rossiter • Other department members found her abrasive • May (probably) have been ostracized for her Jewish heritage • Abandonment occurred at the beginning of the depression • Increasing difficulty for woman to find jobs in sciences • Spent the next six years unaffiliated with any institution • Continued her research independently at the American Museum of Natural History • Recognizing need & worthiness of her research, the museum offered office space & laboratory in 1937 – UNPAID! • Despite obstacles, she persisted in preparation of the manuscripts for The Invertebrates. • In 1967, suffering from Parkinson's Disease and forced to discontinue work

4. “I like invertebrates. I don’t mean worms particularly, although a worm can be almost anything, including the larva of a beautiful butterfly. But I do like the soft delicate ones, the jellyfishes and corals and the beautiful microscopic organisms.”

5. Yeah…. She did ALL that…. WHAT LIBBIE DID….. • 1916 - An analysis of the process of regeneration in certain microdrilousoligochaetes. J. Exp. Zool. 20:99-163. • 1917 - Metabolic gradients in amoeba and their relation to the mechanism of amoeboid motion. J. Exp. ZooL24:55-99. • 1919 - A laboratory manual for elementary zoology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. • 1919 - Physiological studies on planaria. III. Oxygen consumption in relation to age (size) differences. Biol. Bull. 37:388-403. • 1919 - With C. M. Child. The axial gradients in hydrozoa. 1. Hydra. Biol. Bull. 36:183-223. • 1920 - The axial gradients in hydrozoa. III. Experiments on the gradient of tubularia. Biol. Bull. 38:353-403. • 1922 - A laboratory manual for comparative vertebrate anatomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. • 1924 - With B. H. Willier and S. A. Rifenburgh. Physiological studies on planaria. VI. A respiratory and histochemical study of the source of the increased metabolism after feeding. J. Exp. Zool. 40:473-94. • 1925 - Respiratory differences along the axis of the sponge Grantia. Biol. Bull. 48:379-88. • 1926 - The metabolic gradients of vertebrate embryos. II. The brook lamprey. J. Morphol. 42:111- 41. • 1927 - The metabolic gradients of vertebrate embryos. III. The chick. Biol. Bull. 52:1-38. • 1929 - A laboratory manual for elementary zoology. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. • 1931 - Studies on the morphology, taxonomy, and distribution of North American tricladturbellaria. IV Recent European revisions of the triclads and their application to the American forms, with a key to the latter and new notes on distribution. Trans. Am. Micros. Soc. 50:316-35. • 1931 - Taxonomic studies on the hydras of North America. IV Description of three new species with a key to the known species. Trans. Am. Micros. Soc. 50:302-15. • 1932 - Relation of oxygen tension to oxygen consumption in Nereisvirens. J. Exp. Zool. 61:209-2 1. • 1940 - The invertebrates. Vol. 1, Protozoa through ctenophora. New York: McGraw-Hill. • 1940 - Observations and experiments on the physiology of medusae. Biol. Bull. 99:282-96. • 1942 - Comparative vertebrate anatomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. • 1951 - The invertebrates. Vol. 2, Platyhelminthes and rhynchocoela. New York: McGraw-Hill. • 1951 - The invertebrates. Vol. 3, Acanthocephala, oschelminthes, and entoprocta. New York: McGraw-Hill. • 1953 - The polyclad flatworms of the Pacific coast of North America. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 100:265-392. • 1953 - Posterior growth in annelids. Am. Nat. 87:395-96. • 1955 - The invertebrates. Vol. 4, Echinodermata. New York: McGraw-Hill. • 1955 - How many species? Syst. Zool. 4:142-43. • 1959 -The invertebrates. Vol. 5, Smaller coelomate groups. New York: McGraw-Hill. • 1967 - The invertebrates. Vol. 6, Mollusca I. New York: McGraw-Hill.

6. STRENGHTS/WEAKNESSES • Strengths: • Critical approach: refuted over-generalized theories • Advocated an “open-minded” approach that did not just rely on older theories • Elegant writer • Weaknesses: • Often misunderstood: • changed her mind often • some contradictory statements in her writing • Major Biological Theories have changed over time

7. So What Was Going On Around Her Time? • 1920s!!! (and later) • Great Depression!! • Intellectual Zeitgeist

8. So this has to do with Psych HOW?!?!?! • Pathway to Methods used in Psychology • Her Lab Manual!!!

9. CONTRIBUTIONS • MOST influential comparative invertebrate zoologist • Of the 20th century • In the English-speaking world • Conducted experimental research on the metabolic and developmental physiology of a host of invertebrates and vertebrate embryos • During the first part of her career • Views on invertebrate evolution and phylogeny have become widely incorporated into textbooks • Until very recently her ideas had been equated with ‘traditional’ or ‘classical’ views on animal evolution. • Enduring fame and significance for modern evo-devo is primarily based upon her magisterial six-volume series • The Invertebrates • Most encompassing single-author synthesis of invertebrate structure and development of the 20th century. • Had a lasting influence on teaching • Widely used laboratory manuals for elementary zoology & comparative vertebrate anatomy.

10. IMPACT/INFLUENCE OF WORKS • Physiological approach to understanding the development of organisms • The Invertebrates: summarized some of the most important questions regarding comparative zoology • Synthesized a HUGE amount of information for zoologists: some of her works are still vital to research today • Barely mentioned in most of historiography of modern evolutionary development

11. Libbie H. Hyman Memorial Scholarship • Her award from 1969 • Scholarship info • Go get that money!

12. ‘‘Perhaps no one in the history of biology has made such a contribution to the field of invertebrate physiology as she has.’’ ‘‘Generally regarded as the ablest American woman zoologist now living (some say the ablest of either sex)’’ (McConnell 1967, p. viii)

13. Look at all these References • Hast, Adele. "Libbie Henrietta Hyman." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 1 March 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. April 18, 2011 <http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/hyman-libbie- henrietta>.http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/hyman-libbie-henrietta • Hyman, L. H. (1940). A laboratory manual for comparative vertebrate anatomy . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1922) • Hyman, L. H., & Hutchinson, G. E. (1999, February 9). Libbie Henrietta Hyman. Retrieved April 18, 2011, from Annelida.net website: http://www.annelida.net/bio/hyman.html • Jenner, R. A. (2004, September 15). Libbie Henrietta Hyman (1888–1969): From developmental mechanics to the evolution of animal body plans. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 302B(5), 413-423. doi:10.1002/jez.b.21019 • McConnell, J. V. (1967). A manual of psychological experimentation on planarians. Ann Arbor: Journal of Biological Psychology. • Pagerankstudio.com. (2010, September 30). (1888-1969) American Zoologist. In Libbie Hyman’s Biography, life and Career Facts, Invented. Retrieved April 18, 2011, from Pagerankstudio.com website: http://pagerankstudio.com/Blog/2010/09/ libbie-hymans- biography-life-and-career-facts-invented/ • Scholarships.com. (2011). Libbie H. Hyman Memorial Scholarship. Retrieved April 18, 2011, from Scholarships.com website: http://www.scholarships.com/financial-aid/college-scholarships/ scholarships-by-major/biology-scholarships/libbie-h-hyman-memorial-scholarship/ • Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2004). A History of Modern Psychology (8th ed.). Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth.