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Chapter 22

Chapter 22. The Elements in Nature and Industry. The Elements in Nature and Industry. 22.1 How the Elements Occur in Nature. 22.2 The Cycling of Elements Through the Environment. 22.3 Metallurgy: Extracting a Metal from Its Ore.

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Chapter 22

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  1. Chapter 22 The Elements in Nature and Industry

  2. The Elements in Nature and Industry 22.1 How the Elements Occur in Nature 22.2 The Cycling of Elements Through the Environment 22.3 Metallurgy: Extracting a Metal from Its Ore 22.4 Tapping the Crust: Isolation and Uses of the Elements 22.5 Chemical Manufacturing: Two Case Studies

  3. Figure 22.1 Cosmic and terrestrial abundances of selected elements (mass %).

  4. Geochemical differentiation of the elements. Figure 22.2

  5. Ancient effect of an O2-rich atmosphere. Figure 22.3 hematite (Fe2O3) fossil of Hallucigenia sparsa

  6. Figure 22.4 Sources of the elements.

  7. The carbon cycle. Figure 22.5

  8. The nitrogen cycle. Figure 22.6

  9. The phosphorous cycle. Figure 22.7

  10. Industrial uses of phosphorous. Figure 22.8

  11. Pretreating Magnetic attraction Cyclone separation Flotation Leaching Converting (mineral to compound) Pyrometallurgy (roasting, etc.) Hydrometallurgy Refining Electrorefining Distillation Zone refining Alloying Mining Steps in metallurgy. Figure 22.9

  12. The cyclone separator. Figure 22.10

  13. The flotation process. Figure 22.11

  14. The thermite reaction. Figure 22.12

  15. The redox step in converting a mineral to the element. Figure 22.13

  16. vanadium carbide b-brass Cu3Au Three binary alloys. Figure 22.14

  17. Figure 22.15 The Downs cell for production of sodium.

  18. The major reactions in a blast furnace. Figure 22.16

  19. The basic-oxygen process for making steel. Figure 22.17

  20. The electrorefining of copper. Figure 22.18

  21. The electrolytic cell in the manufacture of aluminum. Figure 22.19

  22. The many familiar and essential uses of aluminum. Figure 22.20

  23. mining chalcopyrite jet engine assembly

  24. Figure 22.21 The production of elemental Mg from seawater.

  25. The Frasch process for mining elemental sulfur. Figure 22.22

  26. The many indispensable applications of sulfuric acid. Figure 22.23

  27. A diaphragm chlor-alkali cell. Figure 22.24

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