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Formal Properties of Language

Formal Properties of Language. Grammar. Morphology Syntax Semantics. Morphology. Is concerned with how phonemes are combined by language into larger units Words: one or more morphemes. Morphological Example. Cow Cow- boy Affixes: bound morphemes: dis --- dis-like. Syntax.

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Formal Properties of Language

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  1. Formal Properties of Language

  2. Grammar • Morphology • Syntax • Semantics

  3. Morphology • Is concerned with how phonemes are combined by language into larger units • Words: one or more morphemes

  4. Morphological Example • Cow • Cow- boy • Affixes: bound morphemes: • dis --- dis-like

  5. Syntax • rules that determine how words should be combined to make sense to speakers of a language • (English) word order critical for meaning (you, are, and there) • There you are • You are there • Are you there?

  6. In Romance languages • Order of words not important • Spanish: • Tu estabas ahi • You were there

  7. Mandarin, Chinese • Meaning primarily determined by tone: • Ma • High= Mother • Rising=horse • Falling=scolding

  8. Exceptions to syntax rules Eat Ate eated

  9. Morphological Analysis • Morphology: the analysis of the structure of words • Morphemes=words • Cat or Cat-S • /P/ /I/ /N/ = PIN

  10. Roots (stems) and Affixes Roots: they have meaning in themselves cat,good, happy Affixes:Are attached to roots (express grammatical meanings) un-, -s, -ing, -ly Three kinds of affixes: Prefixes: un-happy suffixes: happy-ness and infixes

  11. Morphological Typologies • Classification of languages according to how they structure words out of morphemes • Isolating languages: few morphemes, simple method: prefix and suffix (English) • Agglutinating languages: words containing many morphemes,highly regular rules (Turkish) • Synthetic or polysynthetic: Words containing many morphemes, very complex rules (Inuktitut)

  12. Qasirrsarrvigssarsingitluinarpug “someone did not find a completely suitable resting place”

  13. Grammatical meanings • Tense (time of the event’s occurrence) • I visited the zoo • Aspect (manner in which an events occurs) • I am visiting the zoo • Mode (likelihood of an event’s occurrence) • I could visit the zoo

  14. Syntax • Is an analytical tool that linguists utilize to study the structure of sentences, including construction of phrases, clauses, and the order of words • Example • The dog chased the cat • The cat chased the dog

  15. Semantics • The study of meaning in language, including the analysis of meanings of words and sentences • Types of meanings produced by language: situational, social and cultural

  16. Language rules over regularalizations • Past tense of regular verbs (english)by adding ed as in worked • I gave I gived • I took I taked

  17. Linguistic interference • Idiomatic expressions • En este momento (literal translation) at this moment (Instead of now) • Drive down the parkway and park on the driveway. • Chop the tree down and cut the pieces up. • His nose is running and his feet smell.

  18. Grammatical meanings Tense: I visited the zoo aspect

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