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Introduction to Environmental consequences of large scale energy generation – Part I

Energy and Environment. Introduction to Environmental consequences of large scale energy generation – Part I. Dr. Hassan Arafat Department of Chem. Eng. An-Najah University. (these slides were adopted, with modification, from Ms. Paulina Bohdanowicz , KTH Institute, Sweden).

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Introduction to Environmental consequences of large scale energy generation – Part I

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  1. Energy and Environment Introduction to Environmental consequences of large scale energy generation – Part I Dr. Hassan Arafat Department of Chem. Eng. An-Najah University (these slides were adopted, with modification, from Ms. Paulina Bohdanowicz , KTH Institute, Sweden)

  2. Environmet? Who cares?

  3. HUMANS ENVIRONMENT ENERGY IMPACTS

  4. Population growth

  5. Population growth

  6. HUMANS ENVIRONMENT ENERGY IMPACTS

  7. ENERGY & LIFE Source: NASA, 2002

  8. Urbanization zones Source:UNEP, Global environmental outlook 2003, GEO-3: Past, present and future perspectives, London 2002

  9. Energy in the world 1973 and 2000 Fuel Shares of TPES* *Excludes international marine bunkers and electricity trade.**Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc. Source: Energy Statistics and Balances of non-OECD Countries.

  10. Energy in the world Fuel Shares of TPES* in 2010 and 2020 *Includes bunkers.**Includes combustible renewables & waste for OECD countries.***Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, tide, etc. Source: World Energy Outlook.

  11. Documented reserves of fossil fuels Source: British Petroleum, Statistical review of world energy 2003, 6.06.2003, available at www.bp.com, 2.05.2004

  12. Security of supply

  13. Oil in press

  14. The impacts of energy processes on the environment • Physical (hydro dams, noise) • Chemical (air pollution) • Biological (genetic damage from ionising radiation) • Ecological (climate change) • Aesthetic (electricity grid posts, wind turbines, power plant stacks)

  15. Characteristics of pollutant • Any substance • Concentration higher than background levels, • Capable of damaging organisms and/or materials • Present in the amount that disrupts natural balance, • With influx to particular system larger than assimilation rate • That is detected by an organism sensitive to increased concentration of the substance

  16. Air pollution Mt Pinatubo, Philippines, June 1991 eruption Detected September 19, 1991 SO2, ppmv scale Source: Graedel T.E., Crutzen P.J., Atmosphere, climate and change. Scientific American Library, USA 1977.

  17. General public interest in global environmental threats

  18. Some local perspectives – electricity saving

  19. Some local perspectives – relation between conservation and environment

  20. Some local perspectives – unleaded gasoline

  21. Some local perspectives – catalytic converter

  22. Some local perspectives – global warming

  23. Some local perspectives – ozone depletion

  24. World ecological footprint • the “ecological footprint,” looks at per capita use of renewable resources and compares this to the capacity of Earth to generate them • a conservative estimate, which does not include the needs of other species, nonrenewable resource use, or pollution Source: Worldwatch Institute, Vital Signs 2003.

  25. World ecological footprint • humanity is withdrawing resources 20 percent faster than Earth can renew them and is consequently depleting the world's ecological assets • studies show that humans have fully exploited or depleted 2/3 of ocean fisheries and have transformed or degraded up to 50% of Earth's land • the United States used up 9.7 hectares worth of resources per person in 1999 - 45% more than the 5.3 hectares available to each citizen. • even without continued population growth, if the world were to consume as much meat and use as much fossil fuels as Americans do, it would need the resources of five Earths Source: Worldwatch Institute, Vital Signs 2003.

  26. World ecological footprint on average each person uses the resources of 2.3 “global hectares” of productive land there is only an average of 1.9 hectares of productive area available per person globally Source: Worldwatch Institute, Vital Signs 2003.

  27. Sustainable development “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” “Process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development, and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations.” Brundtland Report, 1987

  28. Environmental impacts in life cycle perspective • Facility construction • Destruction of local ecosystems • Transport of materials (energy) • Facility operation • Air pollution • Water pollution • Waste disposal • Noise • Fuel supply • Fuel extraction, processing/refining, transportation • Facility dismantling • Waste materials • Local landscape

  29. ENERGY, RAW MATERIALS, HUMAN WORK EXTRACTION PROCESSING TRANSPORT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS UTILISATION STORAGE UTILISATION COMBUSTION Life cycle environmental analysis of fossil fuels

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