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Psychometrics of the Heterosexist Attitudes in Sport – Lesbian Scale

Psychometrics of the Heterosexist Attitudes in Sport – Lesbian Scale Elizabeth M. Mullin, Ph.D., CC-AASP, CSCS Physical Education & Health Education Department, Springfield College. Purpose

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Psychometrics of the Heterosexist Attitudes in Sport – Lesbian Scale

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  1. Psychometrics of the Heterosexist Attitudes in Sport – Lesbian Scale Elizabeth M. Mullin, Ph.D., CC-AASP, CSCS Physical Education & Health Education Department, Springfield College Purpose To provide evidence of criterion, convergent, and factorial validity, as well as test-retest reliability and internal consistency of the Heterosexist Attitudes in Sport – Lesbian (HAS-L) scale. • Introduction • Researchers have reported the following correlates of homophobia: • Gender(Bouton et al., 1987; Harry, 1995; Henley & Pincus, 1978; Herek & Glunt, 1993; Hinrichs & Rosenberg, 2002; Lim, 2002; Morrison & Morrison, 2011; Raja & Stokes, 1998; Sakalli, 2002; Wright et al., 1999) • Sexist (Henley & Pincus, 1978; Morrison & Morrison, 2011; Sakalli, 2002) and traditional sex role beliefs (Hinrichs & Rosenberg, 2002; Kurdek, 1988; Whitley, 1987) • Religious involvement (Haddock et al., 1993; Henley & Pincus, 1978; Herek & Glunt, 1993; Hinrichs & Rosenberg, 2002; Morrison & Morrison, 2002, 2011) • Republican/Conservative values (Sakalli, 2002; Morrison & Morrison, 2011; Whitley, 1987) • Number of LGBT Individuals known (Herek & Capitano, 1996; Herek & Glunt, 1993; Raja & Stokes, 1998; Sakalli & Uğurlu, 2001) • Sport has consistently demonstrated itself as a hyper-masculine, homophobic, and heterosexist domain (Anderson, 2011; Cahn, 1993; Gill et al., 2006; Hawes, 2001; Hemppill & Symons, 2009; Jacobson, 2002; Lenskyj, 1986, 1991, 1997; Roper & Hallloran, 2007) but no researcher has used a sport-specific questionnaire to investigate heterosexism • Mullin (2013) developed and reported initial evidence of reliability and validity for a 14-item questionnaire to measure heterosexist attitudes in women’s athletics, the HAS-L. • Further evidence of reliability and validity of the HAS-L is needed. • Method • Female collegiate athletes (N = 239) from eight different sports and representing colleges in the Mid-Atlantic region participated • Instrumentation: • HAS-L (Mullin, 2013) • Attitudes towards Lesbians and Gay Males-Short Form (ATLG; Herek & McLemore, 2011) • Attitudes toward Women Scale-Short Form (ATWS; Spence & Helmrich, 1973) • Religious Attitudes Inventory (RAI; Ausbel & Schpoont, 1957) • Marlowe-Crowne Social-Desirability Scale (MC-SDS, Crowne & Marlowe, 1960) • Demographic questionnaire • Participants completed all questionnaires during session 1 • Participants completed the HAS-L during session 2, approx. 4 weeks after session 1 • Results • Fit statistics (CFI, TL, RMSEA) demonstrated acceptable fit of the model at both sessions 1 and 2. All items loaded significantly (p < .05) onto keyed domains. • Discussion • Taken together, the HAS-L continued to demonstrate evidence of reliability and validity as a measure of heterosexist attitudes in women’s college athletics. • The Avoidance of the Lesbian Label continues to be the weakest performing subscale and warrants consideration of edits or removal. • Limitations included use older questionnaires and participant fatigue during session 1.

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