Earth Science 25.1 : Properties Stars

1. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties Stars Properties of Stars

2. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars • The star Proxima Centauri is about 100 million times farther away from Earth than the moon. • Yet, besides the sun, it is the closest star to Earth. • As early as 5000 years ago, people became fascinated with the star filled skies and began to name patterns of stars in honor of mythological characters or great heroes, such as Orion. • Although the stars that make up a pattern all appear to be the same distance way from Earth, some are many times farther away than others. Constellation Orion

3. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars • The word constellation is used to designate an area of the sky that contains a specific pattern of stars. • A star in any one of these areas is considered part of that constellation, even if the star is not part of the pattern that makes up the figure. • The sky is divided into 88 constellations. • In this way, constellations can be used as a “map” of the night sky.

4. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars Characteristics of Stars: • A great deal is known about the universe beyond our solar system. • This knowledge is built on the fact that stars, and even the gases in “empty space” between stars, radiate energy in all directions into space. • The key to understanding the universe is to collect this radiation and decode the secrets it holds for us. • Astronomers have devised many ways to do this; among them by examining the properties of stars; such as color, temperature, mass and chemical composition.

5. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars Star Color and temperature: • If we look at a time lapse photograph of stars in motion we will notice that stars come in a variety of colors. Color is a clue to a star’s temperature. • Very hot stars with surface temperatures above 30,000K emit most of their energy in the form of a short-wavelength light and therefore appear blue. • Red stars are much cooler, and most of their energy is emitted as longer-wavelength red light. • Stars with temperatures between 5000 and 6000 K appear yellow, like our sun. Time lapse stars

6. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars Binary Stars and Stellar Mass: • In the early 19th century, astronomers discovered that many stars orbited each other. • These pairs of stars, pulled toward each other by gravity, are called binary stars. • More than 50% of the stars in the universe may occur in pairs or multiples. Binary Star System

7. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars • Binary stars are used to determine the star property most difficult to calculate; a star’s mass. • The mass of a body can be calculated if it is attached by gravity to a partner. • Binary stars orbit each other around a common point called the “center of mass”. • For stars of equal mass, the center of mass lies exactly half way between them.

8. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars • If one star is more massive than the other, their common center will be closer to the more massive star. • If the sizes of the star’s orbits are also known, than the star’s masses can be determined.

9. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram: • Early in the 20th century, Einar Hertzsprung and Henry Russell independently developed a graph used to study stars. • A Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows the absolute magnitude (size) and temperature of stars. • By studying these diagrams, we can learn a great deal about the sizes, colors and temperatures of stars.

10. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram: • In the diagram at right, note that the stars are not uniformly distributed. • About 90% are main sequence stars that fall along a band that runs from the upper left top corner to the lower-right corner of the diagram. • As you can see, the hottest main-sequence stars (top-left) are the brightest, and the coolest main-sequence stars are the dimmest (bottom-right).

11. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram: • The brightest of the main sequence stars is also related to their mass. • The hottest blue stars are about 50 times more massive than our sun, while the coolest stars are only 1/10th our sun’s size. • Therefore, in an H-R diagram, the main-sequence stars appear in decreasing order from left to right; from hotter massive blue stars to the coolest smallest red stars.

12. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram: • Above and to the right of the main-sequence lies a group of very bright stars called giants. • The size of these stars can be estimated by comparing them with stars of known size that have the same surface temperature. • Objects with equal surface area radiate the same amount of energy per unit area. Therefore, any difference in the brightness of two stars having the same surface temperature is due to their difference in size to each other.

13. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars • Some stars are so large they are called supergiants. Betelgeuse, a bright red supergiant in the constellation Orion, has a radius about 800 times larger than our own sun. • Stars in the lower-central part of the diagram are much fainter than main-sequence stars of the same temperature. Some probably are no bigger than Earth. • These stars are called white dwarfs, although not all are white. • Soon after the H-R diagrams were invented, astronomers realized their importance to the evolution of stars. Just as stars are born, they too grow old and eventually die.

14. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars Variable Stars: • Stars may fluctuate in brightness. • Cepheid variables are stars that get brighter and fainter in a regular pattern. • The interval between two successive occurrences of maximum brightness is called a light period. • In general, the longer the light period of a Cepheid, the greater it’s absolute magnitude. (brightest point)

15. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars Cepheid Variables: • Once the absolute magnitude of a Cepheid variable star is known, it can be compared to the apparent magnitude of the star. • Based on this comparison, astronomers can figure out how far away the star is; the distance from our own planet. • Measuring Cepheid variables is an important tool for astronomers to determine the distances to stars in our universe.

16. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars • A different type of variable is associated with a nova, or sudden brightening of a star. • During a nova eruption, the outer layer of the star is ejected at high speed. • A nova generally reaches maximum brightness in a few days time, remains bright for a few weeks, than slowly returns in a year or so to it’s original brightness. • Only a small amount of mass is lost in the flare-up. Nova in progress Post-nova

17. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars • Scientists think that most novas occur in binary systems consisting of an expanding red giant and a nearby white hot dwarf. • Hydrogen rich gas from the oversized giant is transferred, by gravity, to the smaller white hot dwarf. • Eventually, the added gas causes the dwarf to ignite explosively. • Such a reaction rapidly heats and expands the outer layer of the white hot dwarf to produce a nova. • In a short amount of time, the white dwarf returns to it’s pre-nova state remaining inactive until it builds up to flare again. Post-nova Nova in progress

18. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars Interstellar Matter: • Between existing stars is the “vacuum of space”. • However, it is not a pure vacuum, for there are clouds of dust and gases known as nebulae. • If this interstellar matter is close to a very hot star, it will glow as a result and is called a bright nebulae. • The two main types of bright nebulae are emission nebulae and reflection nebulae. Nova in progress Post-nova

19. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars Nebulae: • Emission nebulae consist largely of hydrogen. • They absorb ultraviolet radiation emitted by nearby hot stars. • Because these gases are under very low pressure, they emit this energy as visible light. • This conversion of ultraviolet light into visible light is known as fluorescence. • You can see this same effect in fluorescent lights in your classrooms.

20. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars Nebulae: • Reflection nebulae, as the name implies, merely reflect the light of nearby stars. • Reflection nebulae are thought to be composed of dense clouds of large particles calledinterstellar dust.

21. Earth Science 25.1 : Properties of Stars Nebulae: • Some nebulae are not close enough to a star to be lit up. • These are called dark nebulae. Dark nebulae, such as the one at right, can easily be seen as starless regions when viewing the Milky Way. • Although some nebulae appear very dense, they actually consist of thinly scattered matter. • Because of their enormous size, however, their total mass may be many times that of the sun. • Scientists study nebulae because stars and planets form from this interstellar matter. Dark nebulae