Johne’s Disease and Your Herd

1. Johne’s Disease and Your Herd Culpeper Co. VCE Field Day, July 22, 2004, Cool Lawn Holsteins Presentation by Drs. Gillian and Patrick and Ms. Caroline Comyn Photo credit Dr. Frank Garry, from presentation on 2004 USAHA Johne’s CD

2. Photo credits: Dr. Mike Collins; Dr. Elizabeth Manning U-WI, USAHA 2003 Meeting and other presentations • Johne’s is a slow progressing often fatal disease of the intestine that affects ruminants

3. Johne’s Disease • Named after Heinrich Johne • along with an American colleague diagnosed the first (recorded) case of “pseudotuberculosis enteritis” • 1894/95 in Germany • AKA Paratuberculosis • (slide from Dr. Ernest Hovingh’s Johne’s presentation) credit: M. Collins

4. Johne’s Disease Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: same family as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Both are slow to grow Both cause chronic severe disease

5. Other MAP characteristics Grows slow in culture Stay weeks to months in the environment • spread manure • lagoons • ponds • Rivers More resistant to chlorination, pasteurization than a lot of other bacteria

6. Build up barriers to infectionBREAK THE JOHNE’S CYCLE 5.Colostrum and milk 3. Feed and water 4.Infection 2. Direct Contact 1. Maternity/Newborn Graphic design by Drs. C A Rossiter Burhans/B J Tefft; slide credit Dr. Don Hansen, Johne’s and Beyond CD, USAHA 2004

7. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/animalsimages.new.htmhttp://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/animalsimages.new.htm

8. Photo credit Dr. Mike Collins, Volume 56 (12) : “Update on paratuberculosis:Pathology and diagnosis”, December, 2003, Irish Veterinary Journal

9. Credits: C A Rossiter Burhans/B J Tefft, USAHA Meeting Presentation 2003, Johne’s and Beyond CD 2004

10. “Clinical” Johne’s DiseaseStage 4 Photograph Credits: Dr. Mike Collins www.johnes.org

11. Tests for Johne’s • Look for antibodies to MAP in Blood Serum (ELISA, AGID) • Look for MAP organism – culture feces or tissues; “PCR”; under the microscope • Up and coming? ”gamma interferon”, skin tests…

12. Johne’s Disease is costly to Dairymen in the US! • Economic • Trade • High prevalence in US herd • Human Disease?

13. Dairy Herd-level Losses Groenendaal 1999 Slide credit: Dr. Larry Hutchinson Penn State, Johne’s and Beyond CD, USAHA 2004

14. Dairy Herd Production Losses Significantly lower 305d milk production for cows with positive JD ELISA test when all lactations pooled Significantly lower production in 1st and 5th lactation; not significantly lower in 2nd and 4th lactation cows Van Leeuwen 2002 Slide credit: Dr. Larry Hutchinson Penn State “Johne’s and Beyond” CD 2004

16. Johne's and Crohn's Is there a connection? Slide credit Dr. Don Hansen, Oregon State University, Johne’s and Beyond CD, 2004, USAHA

17. Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammation of the intestines in humans, often fatal. MAP found in some Crohn’s patients - evidence +/- that MAP is the culprit. Certain symptoms and pathology similar to Johne’s Effective treatment? Johne’s Disease is a chronic inflammation of the ileum in ruminants, often fatal Johne’s is caused by MAP Certain clinical signs and pathology similar to Crohn’s No (cost) effective treatment Credits: Dr. Mike Carter 2002 Crohn’s presentation – VS Library Crohn’s ↔Johne’s

18. Virginia Johne’s Disease Control and Prevention Program (VJDCPP)

19. VJDCPP • This is a voluntary program!!! Receives cooperative agreement funding • Education is the first step • Different levels of participation • Management and Test Negative Levels • How to enroll? Risk Assessment and Herd Plan 

20. 3 1 2 4 Test Negative Status TEST ELISA 30 ≥ 30 months of age ELISA Subset Culture Subset ELISA Subset ? 85% 95% 98% 99% Herd Status Level Test Negative Status Level means more likely free of Johne's disease – not “certified free!”

21. Dr. M. Collins et al, www.johnes.org Drs. Stephen Ott and Scott Wells USDA and University of MN, Johne’s and Beyond, USAHA 2004

22. Drs. Stephen Ott and Scott Wells USDA and University of Minnesota, from USAHA “Johne’s and Beyond” CD, 2004

23. Other States? • In WI, NY, KY –other states are starting to follow suit - starting to “J-Punch” ears on Johne’s MAP positive cows • The purpose of this is to prevent infected cattle from being sold to unsuspecting buyers. (From U WI’s Johnes.org page)

24. Good Sense Management Practices - Dairy Colostrum - use single identified test-negative or healthy low-risk cow; no pooling Milk - use milk replacer or pasteurized milk Age segregation – decreases exposure to MAP Clinical Suspects – Separate and Record

25. More Good Sense Practices Prevent New Infections!! Maternity area - clean and dry, low density as possible, keep separate from sick pen Newborn calves - immediately separate from dam, other adults Herd additions – buy from “known status” herds, test before bringing onto the farm

26. Control other diseases • Good Sense Management Practices that guard against MAP will also reduce the risk for other microbes such as… E. coli, Salmonella and Cryptosporidia slide credit Dr. Don Hansen, Oregon State University, Johnes and Beyond CD, 2004, USAHA

27. Because this infection is difficult to detect, keep it out of your herd! Prevention is better than control ! “Don’t test, don’t tell” is not a winning strategy !Slide credit: Dr. Elizabeth Manning, U-WI – Johne’s and Beyond CD USAHA 2004

28. Questions? Photo credit http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/animalsimages.new.htm

29. Next, Risk Assessment!