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SCH4U - Introduction to Organic Chemistry

SCH4U - Introduction to Organic Chemistry. * S * T * A * R * R * I * N * G * The ALKANES The ALKENES The ALKYL Groups The Aromatic Compounds And all Their Little ISOMERS !. 1. And Co-Starring. * S T R U C T U R E S * and F o r m u l a s With special mention to

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SCH4U - Introduction to Organic Chemistry

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  1. SCH4U - Introduction to Organic Chemistry *S*T*A*R*R*I*N*G* The ALKANES The ALKENES The ALKYL Groups The Aromatic Compounds And all Their Little ISOMERS ! 1

  2. And Co-Starring *S T R U C T U R ES* and For m ulas With special mention to The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 2

  3. Structural Features of Carbon Compounds • The compound may be open-chainedor cyclic. • Chains may bestraightor branched. • May be saturatedor unsaturated. • Rings can be carbocyclicor heterocyclic. • You will be dealing with ALL these cases at one time or another in this class! 3

  4. Structures and Chemical Formulas • Molecularformulasare only useful for the very simplest compounds such as CH4 or C2H6, since they give no information on how atoms connect. • There is usually more than one way to arrange the atoms listed in the molecular formula • Expandedmolecularformulasshow atoms in the order that they appear, with brackets to indicate groups attached to chains. • ie) CH3C(CH3)2CH2CH3 4

  5. More ways to represent... • Organic compounds can be very complex! • A system is needed that shows structure. • Skeleton structures • Expanded structures (full structural formulas) • Condensed structural formulas • Line representations

  6. Skeleton Structures • Skeleton structure or skeleton formula • Leaves out the hydrogen atoms. • For hydrocarbons, only the carbon skeleton and connecting bonds are shown. • Bonds are represented as lines. . • C • Example: IsobutaneC-C-C 6

  7. Expanded Structural Formulas • Expanded structural formula • Shows all atoms with bonds. • Bonds are represented as lines • Example Isobutane • Also called a full structural formula. 7

  8. Condensed Formulas • Condensed formula • Shorthand way of writing formula. • Lists all atoms in order and tells how they are bound together. • C-H bonds are assumed, not shown • Example: Isobutane 8

  9. Line Structural Diagrams • Line formula or line representation • The end of each line or meeting point represents a carbon atom • Hydrogen not shown, assumed • Zigzag pattern for single and double bonds, triple bonds are in straight line • Example: Isobutane 9

  10. Isomers • StructuralIsomers: Compounds with the same number of atoms and bonds but with different arrangements. • CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3 (CH3)4C 10

  11. Geometric Isomers • Compounds which have the SAME molecular formula, but different arrangements of atoms around a double carbon-carbon bond • These exist when two or more arrangements are possible due to the type of bond. • Alkanes- can rotate about all bonds • no geometric isomers • Alkenes- rigid bond • can have geometric isomers • Alkynes- rigid bond but linear • no geometric isomers

  12. H Geometric Isomers (continued) CH3 H3C H3C C=C C=C H H H CH3 There are two possible arrangements Example 2-butene trans Two methyl groups are on opposite sides. cis Two methyl groups are on the same side (and so are the two H’s. 12

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