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Chapter 12: Values and Obligations

Chapter 12: Values and Obligations. Evaluative Discourse (p. 124). Some descriptions are evaluative. The story is interesting. The painting is superb. Generous acts are (usually) virtuous. Evaluative descriptions employ criteria different from those of nonevaluative descriptions.

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Chapter 12: Values and Obligations

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  1. Chapter 12:Values and Obligations

  2. Evaluative Discourse (p. 124) • Some descriptions are evaluative. • The story is interesting. • The painting is superb. • Generous acts are (usually) virtuous. • Evaluative descriptions employ criteria different from those of nonevaluative descriptions. • There are disagreements regarding evaluative criteria.

  3. Moral and Aesthetic Arguments (pp. 125-126) • We construct arguments regarding moral and aesthetic values. • Moral or aesthetic arguments require premises that tie nonevaluative descriptions to evaluative descriptions. If Fred cheated on the test, Fred’s action was wrong. Fred cheated on the test. Fred’s action was wrong.

  4. On Morals (pp. 126-133) • Nonmoral evaluation (apples, health) • Signs • Means and ends • Criteria were discovered over many years • Analogy between nonmoral and moral evaluative criteria: Societal health • Cultural relativity of morals versus moral relativity

  5. On Morals (pp. 126-133) • Theories of Moral Obligation • Divine Command Theory • Ethical Egoism • Utilitarianism • Noncosequentialist (deontological) theories

  6. Aesthetics (pp. 134-135) • Emotional response and aesthetic value • Differences between moral and aesthetic evaluation • What is a “classic” work of art?

  7. Elements of Art (pp. 135-138) • What are the artist’s objectives? • Does someone ascribe aesthetic worth to the object? • How well does the artist fulfill his or her objectives? • In performance art, is the individual performance aesthetically valuable? • Value of the work • Value of the performance

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