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ACTIVE & PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION (VACCINATION)

ACTIVE & PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION (VACCINATION). Immunization. Natural : Infec tion = active Antibodies from mo t her = passive (transplacent a r y o nly IgG, half a year protection ) Artificial : Vaccination - active A ntibodies dosage (immunoglobulins) - passive. History.

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ACTIVE & PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION (VACCINATION)

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  1. ACTIVE & PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION (VACCINATION)

  2. Immunization Natural: • Infection= active • Antibodies from mother = passive (transplacentary only IgG, half a year protection) Artificial: • Vaccination- active • Antibodies dosage(immunoglobulins) - passive

  3. History • Edward Jennerinvestigated, thatdairy maid infected withcowpoxwereresistantalsoagainst smallpox. 14. 5. 1796 first aplication of “vaccine”. • 1885 - Louis Pasteur usedattenuatedrabies virus asvaccination • Nobel prize1901 - von Behring– antitoxic serum againstdiphteria • 1. 1. 1980WHOproclaimed eradication ofsmallpox.

  4. Vaccination • Toxoids • Inactivated vaccines • Chemovaccines • Recombinant vaccines • Attenuated live vaccines

  5. Toxoids • Modified form of the toxin that preserves its antigenicity but has lost its toxicity. We use adjuvants. • Tetanus(Clostridium tetani ) • Diphteria(Corynebacterium diphteriae) • Staphylococci

  6. Inactivated vaccines Bacterins= carefully killed bacterial suspension Against viruses= influenza, poliomyelitis, rabies, tick born encephalitis Autovaccines = microbial strain originate from ill (vaginal candidosis – C. albicans, S. aureus, E. coli, H. influenzae…) Stock vaccines – mixture from frequenced laboratory strains (UNIVAK, Acnevak, Staphyvak, Candivak)

  7. Chemovaccines and recombinant vaccines • Isolated protected antigens Bacterial: against Haemophilus influenzae type b, N. meningitidis A + C, S. pneumoniae (23 frequent serotypes) Viruses:influenza A, hepatitis A, tick born encephalitis • Recombinant vaccines = „made in“ E.coli(hepatitis B)

  8. Attenuatedlive vaccines Reproductionin area ofgiving–mild infection– higheffectivity, longlasting, alsostimulating cellular immunity Attenuation– pasaging onartificial mediaor ontissue cultures (viruses) – reducing of the virulence • BCG(bacille Calmette-Guérin) – M. tuberculosis • Live virus polio (Sabin) - p.o. • Mumps, measles,rubella • Yellow fever

  9. Mixedvaccines Hexavalentvaccine: diphteria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitisB, Haemophilusinfluenzaetype b (conjugated) and polio (inactivated) Trivalentatenuatedvaccineagainstmeasles, mumps, rubella.

  10. Vaccinacion types • Regular– this calendary depends on country • Special– for person in risk (hepatitis A, rabies, influenza, meningococcus) • Extraordinary– in epidemia/extraordinary situation • Inaccidents– tetanus, rabies • Protecting the traveller– yellow fever, hepatitis A and B, Japanes B encephalitis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, abdominal tyfus, cholera • For request– influenza, tick born encephalitis, meningococcus (against meningitis)

  11. Contra- indications • Acute illnes • Patients in reconvalescence • Immuncompromised patients !!!! Patient with alergy,pregnant women – attention!!!

  12. Artificial passive immunization • Heterologous (animal) immunoglobulines: antigangrenous (low effectivity), against botulism, staphylococci infections, vipericpoison, rabies - alergic reactions • Homologous (human) immunoglobulines:various antibodydefects, profylaxisof hepatitis A, against sepsis, hardabsceding infections anddifficult virosis(Ebola)

  13. New trends • Ediblevaccines– tomato/banana producing antigensof diarrhea agens • DNA vaccines– injectedinto muscleorskin, produce protective antigens and cytokins • Intradermal or mucous aplication– contact with dendritic cells • Ideal vaccine: Cheap, stable, safe, lifelong protection, effective immunity

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