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CHAPTER 11 SELF AND PERSONALITY

CHAPTER 11 SELF AND PERSONALITY. Personality. An organized combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors Patterns of traits Unique to each individual Consistent across situations and time Self-Concept : Perceptions Self Esteem : Evaluation

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CHAPTER 11 SELF AND PERSONALITY

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  1. CHAPTER 11SELF AND PERSONALITY

  2. Personality • An organized combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors • Patterns of traits • Unique to each individual • Consistent across situations and time • Self-Concept: Perceptions • Self Esteem: Evaluation • Identity: Overall sense of who you are

  3. McAdams and Pals (2006) Five Principles • Personality shaped by evolution for adaptation to environment • People differ in dispositional traits • People differ in characteristic adaptations • Each has a unique life story • Cultural and situational influences ever present

  4. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud • Three parts of the personality • Selfish Id; Rational Ego; Moralist Superego • Stages of psychosexualdevelopment • Biological: ends at sexual maturity • Personality formed in first 5 years • Childhood anxieties become adult traits

  5. Psychoanalytic Theory: Erik Erikson • Emphasized • Social influences • Rational ego • Life-span development • Crisis-Oriented Stages Result From: • Maturational forces • Social demands

  6. Trait Theory • Psychometric Approach • Personality: a set of traits • Individual differences in each trait • Measurement approach • “Big Five” - Universal and stable • Evidence of genetic basis • Universal

  7. Social Learning Theory • Personality: A set of behavior tendencies • Shaped by interactions • Found in specific social situations • No universal stages • Not enduring traits • People change as environment changes • Situational influences important • E.g., cheating

  8. Infancy:The Emerging Self • First 6 months: Discover physical self • Joint attention at about 9 mo • Difference in perceptions can be shared • Self-recognition about 18 months • Categorical self (age, sex): 18 – 24 months • Based on cognitive development • Requires Social Experience • The looking-glass self: a “reflection”

  9. Temperament • Seen in infancy • Genetically based • Tendencies to respond in predictable ways • Building blocks of personality • Goodness of Fit (Thomas & Chess) • Parenting techniques • Learning to interpret cues • Sensitive responding

  10. Changes in Self-Concept: age 8 • Include psychological, social qualities • Previously used only physical traits • Increased Use of: • Social comparison, multidimensionality • Hierarchy with self-worth on top • More accurate self evaluations • Widening gap between ideal-self and real-self

  11. Contributions to Higher Self-Esteem • Competence! • Positive social feedback • Warm democratic parents • Social comparisons that are positive • Some temperament traits established • Will develop into adult traits

  12. The Adolescent • Increased awareness of psychological and abstract traits • Self-concept more integrated • Self-esteem dips temporarily, rebounds • Erikson’s Stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion • “Who Am I?” • Can last as long as into early 30s

  13. Marcia’s Ego Identity Statuses • Diffusion: “Hey wait a minute – they didn’t know everything. Maybe I’m not who they said I was.” (No crisis. No commitment) • Foreclosure: “I’ll be a (Catholic, Democrat, doctor, etc.) because that’s what they told me was right.” (Commitment without crisis) • Moratorium: “Who am I? What is right? Who will I become?” (Crisis, no commitment) • Identity Achieved: “I can make my own life choices.” (Commitment, evolved from crisis)

  14. The Four Identity Statuses as They Apply to Religious Identity

  15. Identity Achievement • Ethnic Identity begins in infancy • Vocational Identity - increasingly realistic • “Goodness of fit” becomes useful • Influential Factors • Cognitive development • Openness to experience trait • Warm, democratic parenting • Culture that encourages exploration

  16. Self-Concept and Adulthood • Stable Self-Esteem • Generally good • Ability to adjust ideal to real self • Evaluate self with different standards • Comparisons with age-mates • Related to stable personality traits • Losses in self-esteem in later old age

  17. Changes in Personality • Cross-sectional studies show more changes • Longitudinal, Cross-Cultural Studies • Adulthood: achievement and confidence • Older adults • Decrease: activity level, openness to experience • Increase: introversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness

  18. Influences on Personality Change • Heredity • Earlier experiences • Stability of environment • Biological factors (e.g., disease) • Poor person-environment fit

  19. Adulthood – Erikson and Research • Identity provides for intimacy in young adulthood • More traditional women solve identity crisis after intimacy (marriage, children) • Midlife generativity supported • “Midlife crisis” not supported • Integrity in old age supported • Includes life review • Life Stories: narrative identity approach

  20. Vocational Development • Young adults: Career exploration • Thirties: Settling down • Forties & Fifties: Career peaks • Older Workers • Competent, satisfied, and positive • Selective optimization with compensation

  21. Retirement • Average age 63 • Adjustment phases • Success Factors: • Person-environment fit • Selective optimization with compensation • Disengagement versus Activity Theory • Support for activity theory

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