Announcements

1. Announcements Reading Quiz If you missed the last reading quiz, you must make it up by tomorrow morning, 2/4. Paper If you can please bring in a ream of copy paper. I can’t give extra credit, but it would be greatly appreciated.

2. Wealth of Nations The greatest improvement in the productive powers of labor… seems to have been the effects of the division of labor....To take an example, therefore, the trade of the pin-maker; a workman not educated to this business, nor acquainted with the use of the machinery employed in it, could scarce, perhaps, with his utmost industry, make one pin in a day… But in the way in which this business is now carried on, not only the whole work is a peculiar trade, but it is divided into a number of branches… One man draws out the wire, another straights it, a third cuts it, etc.; and the important business of making a pin is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations… I have seen a small manufactory of this kind where ten men only were employed, and where some of them consequently performed two or three distinct operations. [T]hey could, when they exerted themselves, make among them about twelve pounds of pins in a day. There are in a pound upwards of four thousand pins of a middling size. But if they had all wrought separately and independently, and without any of them having been educated to this peculiar business, they certainly could not each of them have made twenty.

3. Wealth of Nations By restraining, either by high duties, or by absolute prohibitions, the importation of such goods from foreign countries as can be produced at home, the monopoly of the home-market is more or less secured to the domestic industry employed in producing them. Thus the… high duties upon the importation of corn… give a like advantage to the growers of that commodity… That this monopoly of the home-market frequently gives great encouragement to that particular species of industry which enjoys it… cannot be doubted. But whether it tends either to increase the general industry of the society, or to give it the most advantageous direction, is not, perhaps, altogether so evident… By means of [greenhouses], very good grapes can be raised in Scotland, and very good wine too can be made of them at about thirty times the expense for which at least equally good can be brought from foreign countries. Would it be a reasonable law to prohibit the importation of all foreign wines, merely to encourage the making of claret and burgundy in Scotland?

4. Wealth of Nations The late multiplication of banking companies in both parts of the United Kingdom, an event by which many people have been much alarmed, instead of diminishing, increases the security of the public. It obliges all of them to be more circumspect in their conduct, and, by not extending their currency beyond its due proportion to their cash, to guard themselves against those malicious runs which the rivalry of so many competitors is always ready to bring upon them. It restrains the circulation of each particular company within a narrower circle, and reduces their circulating notes to a smaller number. By dividing the whole circulation into a greater number of parts, the failure of any one company… becomes of less consequence to the public. This free competition, too, obliges all bankers to be more liberal in their dealings with their customers, lest their rivals should carry them away. In general, if any branch of trade, or any division of labor, be advantageous to the public, the freer and more general the competition, it will always be the more so.

5. Wealth of Nations Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is his own advantage… and not that of the society, which he has in view. But the study of his own advantage… leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to the society…. As every individual… endeavors as much as he can both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce may be of the greatest value, every individual necessarily labors to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can… By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is… led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention…

6. Wealth of Nations The real price of everything, what everything really costs to the man who wants to acquire it, is the toil and trouble of acquiring it. What everything is really worth to the man who has acquired it, and who wants to dispose of it or exchange it for something else, is the toil and trouble which it can save to himself, and which it can impose upon other people. What is bought with money or with goods is purchased by labor as much as what we acquire by the toil of our own body. That money or those goods indeed save us this toil. They contain the value of a certain quantity of labor which we exchange for what is supposed at the time to contain the value of an equal quantity. Labor was the first price, the original purchase-money that was paid for all things. It was not by gold or by silver, but by labor, that all the wealth of the world was originally purchased; and its value, to those who possess it, and who want to exchange it for some new productions, is precisely equal to the quantity of labor which it can enable them to purchase or command.

7. Marxism The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes. In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost every where a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations. The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones… Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great… classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat…

8. Marxism Owing to the extensive use of machinery and to division of labor, the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and consequently, all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired [job] that is required of him. Hence, the cost of production of a workman is restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he requires for his maintenance, and for the propagation of his race. But the price of a commodity, and therefore also of labor, is equal to its cost of production. In proportion therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage decreases... Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist. Masses of laborers, crowded into the factory, are organized like soldiers… Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the over-looker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim, the more petty, the more hateful and the more embittering it is.

9. Marxism Of course, in the beginning, [the overthrow of the existing social structure] cannot be effected except by means of despotic inroads on the rights of property, and on the conditions of bourgeois production; by means of measures… necessitate further inroads upon the old social order, and are unavoidable as a means of entirely revolutionizing the mode of production. [T]he following will be… generally applicable. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes. Abolition of all rights of inheritance. Centralization of credit in the banks of the state… Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the state… [G]radualabolition of all the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the populace over the country. Free education for all children in public schools…

10. Marxism In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order of things. In all these movements they bring to the front, as the leading question in each case, the property question, no matter what its degree of development at the time. Finally, they labor everywhere for the union and agreement of the democratic parties of all countries. The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working men of all countries, unite!

11. Industrial Leisure Time • Increase in leisure time • Factory Act of 1833 – restricted child labor; British government inspectors to enforce labor restrictions • Factory Act of 1844 – restricted work hours of women • Ten-Hour Act, 1847 – 10 hour work days for both women and children • Soccer • The British FA (Football Association) formed, 1863 • Professional soccer teams, 1880s • Baseball • Earliest known mention of baseball, 1791 • Formation of the amateur New York Knickerbockers (originator of the modern rules), 1845 • First “official” professional baseball season, 1869 • Founding of the National League, 1876

12. Thomas Gainsborough The Blue Boy

13. Jacques-Louis David Oath of the Horatii

14. Jacques-Louis David Napoleon at the Saint-Bernard Pass

15. Eugène Delacroix Liberty Leading the People

16. Claude Monet Jardin à Sainte-Adresse

17. Pierre-Auguste Renoir Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette

18. Georges Seurat Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

19. Vincent Van Gogh The Church at Auvers

20. Learning Styles, Etc.

21. To Do