RAMP II: KSU Grain Science Accomplishments, 2005-2006

1. RAMP II: KSU Grain Science Accomplishments, 2005-2006 Xingwei Hou for Bhadriraju Subramanyam (Subi) Department of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506 Tel: 785-532-4092 E-mail: sbhadrir@ksu.edu http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/grsc_subi

2. Grain Science Work Plan • 5 Objectives • 1) Evaluate effectiveness of empty-bin treatments • 2) Evaluate effectiveness of new products on stored wheat • 3) Evaluate heat treatment effectiveness in food-processing facilities • 4) Evaluate impact of inbound inspection and multiple sanitation and residual insecticide treatments on retail store insect populations • 5) Disseminate research information through printed materials and workshops

3. Objective 2: Evaluation of new products • Ozonation of stored wheat • Collaborative project with Dr. Dirk Maier • 1 bin untreated; 1 bin treated with ozone • September 20-28, 2006 • Gas concentrations, insects in grain before and after treatment, insect mortality in bioassays, and traps were determined • Date currently being summarized

4. Objective 2: Evaluation of new products • Anna Getchell: Efficacy of two spinosad formulations on various commodities against stored-product insects. M. S. Thesis, Kansas State University. Graduated May 2006. • Evaluated dry and liquid spinosad at 1 ppm and >1 ppm on corn, wheat, sorghum, and pet food products, and on different wheat varieties • On grain liquid and dry formulations performed well at 1 ppm against lesser grain borer and red flour beetle • 1 ppm is ineffective on pet food products • 1 ppm on several wheat varieties was effective against the lesser grain borer

5. Objective 2: Evaluation of new products • Shalini Palla. Factors influencing mortality of red flour beetle adults exposed to infrared radiation. M. S. student (defended research work, 2006), but did not finish her thesis writing. • Found that a 45-60 minute exposure of adults in 113 g of wheat, at a distance of 12.5 cm from the bench top heater killed all exposed insects.

6. Objective 3: Heat treatment of food-processing facilities • Purpose was to validate the KSU Heat treatment calculator, a software for determining heat energy required for conducting an effective heat treatment • Determine insects in food and pheromone baited traps before and after a heat treatment • Validate the new thermal death kinetic model developed at KSU (not presented here)

7. Case Study: Pasta Plant • Press area: • Volume: 1.55 million cu ft (43,865 cu m) • Surface area: 46,750 sq ft (4,343.1 sq m) • Wt of steel: 9,710,00 lb (440,834 kg) • Flour mill: • Volume: 120,000 cu ft (3,396 cu m) • Surface area: 3,600 sq ft (334.4 sq m) • Wt of steel: 750,000 lb (340,500 kg)

8. Heat Treatment • Started July 1, 2006 • Flour room – 7:00 am – 11:00 pm (16 hours); starting room temperature – 30oC; 5 fans • Press room – Partially at 8:00 am – 1:00 am (July 2; 17 hours); starting room temperature – 27.4oC; 24 fans Company’s decision on when to stop a heat treatment After all insects die in the last bug check cards, heat treatment is continued for another 7 hours.

9. Flour room temperatures measured by HOBO units

10. Observations • Difference between maximum temperatures reached: 30oC • Longest duration of time above 50oC: 15.53 hours • Shortest duration of time above 50oC: 4.07 hours • Longest duration of time above 60oC: 14.82 hours • In 2 locations, temperature did not cross 60oC

11. Press Room Temperatures (37 HOBO Readings) Observations • Difference between maximum temperatures reached (ignoring HOBO units 5, 58, 60): 12oC • Longest duration of time above 50oC: 12 hours • Shortest duration of time above 50oC: 0.25 hours • Longest duration of time above 60oC: 14.22 hours • In 13 locations, temperature did not cross 60oC

12. HOBO versus Wireless Temperature Measurements

13. Average temperature profiles

14. Heat calculations based on observed temperatures during heat treatment

15. Heat energy requirements based on KSU’s heat treatment calculator Total estimated heat required: 160.8 million BTU. Estimated fuel cost: $ 2498

16. Natural Gas Usage from the Pasta Plant Natural gas used during heat treatment: 2212 Therms Cost of fuel used during heat treatment: $ 2411 Heat generated at 70% efficiency: 155 million BTU

17. Areas of Heat Loss

18. Trap Captures of Red Flour Beetles:Mean number of adults/trap/week

19. Trap Captures of Warehouse Beetles:Mean number of adults/trap/week

20. Conclusions • The KSU Heat Treatment Calculator is an effective tool to determine approximate heat energy requirements and fuel costs prior to or after a heat treatment • The flour room heated up faster than the press room, and heat distribution was more uniform • The press room had several cool spots, and heat distribution was highly variable • Insects in test cages survived heat treatment in two locations of the press room • Additional heaters and more air movers are needed in the press room • Very few adults of the red flour beetles and warehouse beetles were captured in traps, even in locations in the press room where temperatures did not reach 50oC • The pasta plant has an effective sanitation and exclusion program which prevent quick population rebound

21. New students • Spring 2006. Lakshmikantha Channaiah, PhD • Spring 2006. Dennis Tilley, PhD (part-time student) • Fall 2006. Chun Yu, M. S. • Summer 2007. Fernanda Lazzari, PhD

22. Funds Leveraged • USDA-Methyl Bromide Transitions, 2005-2007 • $200,124 • NC-213 Andersons Team Award (with Dr Dirk Maier), 2005-2007 • $ 57,000 • USDA-PMAP (subcontractor; with Dr Dirk Maier), 2005-2007 • $ 50,000 • Industry donations, 2005-2006 • $ 85,000

23. Publications, 2006 • Subramanyam, Bh., M. D. Toews, K. Illeleji, D. Maier, G. D. Thompson, and T. J. Pitts. Evaluation of spinosad as a grain protectant on three Kansas farms. Crop Prot. (in press). • Ahmad, A., Bh. Subramanyam, and L. Zurek. Responses of mosquitoes and German cockroaches to ultrasound emitted from a random ultrasonic generating device. Entomol. Exp. Appl. (in press). • Mahroof, R., and Bh. Subramanyam. 2006. Susceptibility of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to high temperatures used during structural heat treatments. Bull. Entomol. Res. 97: 1-7. • Huang, F., and Bh. Subramanyam. 2006. Lack of repellency of three commercial ultrasonic devices to the German cockroach (Blattodea: Blattellidae). Insect Sci. 13: 61-66. • Dosland, O., Bh. Subramanyam, G. Sheppard, and R. Mahroof. 2006. Temperature modification for insect control, pp. 89-103. In, Heaps, J. (Ed.), Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing. Second Edition, American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN. • Hagstrum, D. W. and Bh. Subramanyam. 2006. Fundamentals of Stored-Product Entomology. American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) International, St. Paul, Minnesota, 323 pages. For talks presented and popular articles, see my web page (www.oznet.ksu.edu/grsc_subi)

24. Future Plans • Design empty bin experiments • Work with white wheat growers to evaluate new products • Heat treatment in pet food, pasta plant, and an organic facility is planned • A heat treatment workshop is planned for August 2007 • ENJOY LIFE WHILE DOING RESEARCH WORK!