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G5AIAI Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

G5AIAI Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. History. Graham Kendall. Predictions. “Within 10 years a computer will be a chess champion” Herbert Simon, 1958 Conversion from Russian to English, when presented with “The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak” produced

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G5AIAI Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

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  1. G5AIAIIntroduction to Artificial Intelligence History Graham Kendall

  2. Predictions • “Within 10 years a computer will be a chess champion” • Herbert Simon, 1958 • Conversion from Russian to English, when presented with • “The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak” produced • “The vodka is good but the meat is rotten” • National Research Council, 1957

  3. Why do we need AI anyway?

  4. The Travelling Salesman Problem • A salesperson has to visit a number of cities • (S)He can start at any city and must finish at that same city • The salesperson must visit each city only once • The number of possible routes is (n!)/2

  5. Combinatorial Explosion A 10 city TSP has 181,000 possible solutions A 20 city TSP has 10,000,000,000,000,000 possible solutions A 50 City TSP has 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 possible solutions There are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 litres of water on the planet Mchalewicz, Z, Evolutionary Algorithms for Constrained Optimization Problems, CEC 2000 (Tutorial)

  6. Combinatorial Explosion - Towers of Hanoi

  7. Combinatorial Explosion - Towers of Hanoi

  8. Combinatorial Explosion - Towers of Hanoi

  9. Combinatorial Explosion - Towers of Hanoi

  10. Combinatorial Explosion - Towers of Hanoi

  11. Combinatorial Explosion - Towers of Hanoi

  12. Combinatorial Explosion - Towers of Hanoi

  13. Combinatorial Explosion - Towers of Hanoi

  14. Combinatorial Explosion - Towers of Hanoi • The original problem was stated that a group of tibetan monks had to move 64 gold rings which were placed on diamond pegs. • When they finished this task the world would end. • Assume they could move one ring every second (or more realistically every five seconds). • How long till the end of the world?

  15. Combinatorial Explosion - Towers of Hanoi • > 500,000 years!!!!! Or 3 Trillion years • Using a computer we could do many more moves than one second so go and try implementing the 64 rings towers of hanoi problem. • If you are still alive at the end, try 1,000 rings!!!!

  16. Combinatorial Explosion - Optimization • Optimize f(x1, x2,…, x100) • where f is complex and xi is 0 or 1 • The size of the search space is 2100 1030 • An exhaustive search is not an option • At 1000 evaluations per second • Start the algorithm at the time the universe was created • As of now we would have considered 1% of all possible solutions

  17. Microseconds since Big Bang Microseconds in a Day Combinatorial Explosion

  18. 10 20 50 100 200 1/10,000 second 1/2500 second 1/400 second 1/100 second 1/25 second N2 1/10 second 3.2 seconds 5.2 minutes 2.8 hours 3.7 days N5 1 second 35.7 years > 400 trillion centuries 45 digit no. of centuries 1/1000 second 2N 185 digit no. of centuries 445 digit no. of centuries 2.8 hours 3.3 trillion years 70 digit no. of centuries NN Combinatorial Explosion Running on a computer capable of 1 million instructions/second Ref : Harel, D. 2000. Computer Ltd. : What they really can’t do, Oxford University Press

  19. Alan Turing • Founder of computer science, mathematician, philosopher and code breaker

  20. Alan Turing • 1939-40 Devises the Bombe, machine for Enigma decryption • 1947-48: Papers on programming, neural nets, and prospects for artificial intelligence • 1948: Manchester University • 1950: Philosophical paper on machine intelligence: the Turing Test • 1954 (7 June): Death by cyanide poisoning, Wilmslow, Cheshire • 1912 (23 June): Birth, Paddington, London • 1931-34: Undergraduate at King's College, Cambridge University • 1935: Elected fellow of King's College, Cambridge • 1936: The Turing machine: On Computable Numbers... Submitted • 1936-38: At Princeton University. Ph.D. Papers in logic, algebra, number theory • 1938-39: Return to Cambridge. Introduced to German Enigma cipher problem

  21. The Turing Test • Proposed by Alan Turing in 1950 • Suggested as a way of saying when we could consider computers to be intelligent • You need to read and understand The Turing Test

  22. The Chinese Room • If the Turing Test was passed Turing would conclude that the machine was intelligent • In 1980 John Searle devised a thought experiment which he called the Chinese Room (Searle, 1980) • Searle, J.R. 1980. Minds, brains and programs. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 3: 417-457, 1980

  23. The Chinese Room • You need to read and understand the Chinese Room • You need to be able to have an opinion about The Turing Test and Chinese Room

  24. Landmarks in AI • Physical Symbol System Hypothesis • ELIZA (A Therapist) • MYCIN (First Expert System) • Means End Analysis (Exploits Forward and Backwards Chaining)

  25. Summary • Understand what is meant by combinatorial explosion (esp. wrt TSP). • The Turing Test (Read the paper) • The Chinese Room (Read the paper) • Be able to recognise the relationship between The Turing Test and The Chinese Room • Landmarks in AI History • Read Chapter 1 of AIMA

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