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Dorsal View

Dorsal View. SFS. M1. S1. SPL. IPS. Fronto-parietal attention/Working memory networks. DLPFC. IPS. FEF. IPS. Ventral PFC- regulation, response inhibition. Lateral, Medial OFC. Relational Complexity test. Distractor Control. Kroger, Sabb, Fales, Bookheimer, Cohen, Holyoak 2002.

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Dorsal View

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  1. Dorsal View SFS M1 S1 SPL IPS

  2. Fronto-parietal attention/Working memory networks DLPFC IPS FEF IPS

  3. Ventral PFC- regulation, response inhibition Lateral, Medial OFC

  4. Relational Complexity test Distractor Control Kroger, Sabb, Fales, Bookheimer, Cohen, Holyoak 2002

  5. Memory systems • Hippocampal • New associations • Episodic - temporal signature • Case examples • Tests • Paired associate learning • Effect of retrieval cues

  6. R vs. K • Eldridge et al have shown the HC is selectively involved in R, not with K.

  7. Frontal contributions to memory • Attention to incoming information • Organization of incoming information • Pre-organized • Semantic categorization • Working memory capacity • Organized memory retrieval

  8. Frontal lobe memory deficits • Information size effects (supraspan) • LM story 2 second rep; • Interference (proactive) • Eg: CVLT 5,7,10,9,8 • Benefit from cues • Reduced spontaneous categorization • Confabulation • Prospective memory impairment

  9. Basal Ganglia and learning • HM and tower of Hanoi • Probabalistic classification • Language learning and grammar • Sequence learning • Parkinsons vs HC amnesia patterns • Social learning

  10. (14,6,0) Striatum is Involved in Language & Communication • Artificial grammar learning (Lieberman et al., 2004) • Other forms of statistical learning • Individuals with autism have deficits in syntax after acquisition of language (Tager-Flusberg & Joseph, 2003) Grammatical > Non-Grammatical Lieberman et al., 2004 J Cog Neuro

  11. Word Segmentation & Language Learning • Language delay is a core feature of autism • Identifying word boundaries is one of the earliest steps in language learning (Kuhl 2002) • Infant studies suggest heavy reliance on statistical learning for word segmentation (Saffran et al., 1996; Aslin et al., 1998) • Prosodic cues (e.g., stress) aid speech parsing (Johnson & Juscyzk, 2001; Thiessen & Saffran, 2003) • Adapt well-established paradigm from infant literature

  12. Unstressed Language Stressed Language Random Syllables po vu ba novuka pofimu vikoga bafugi gi pabiku daropigolatu tibudo no ko fu ro do ga go la fi mu ka ku da Transitional Probabilities Only Transitional Probabilities + Prosodic Cues No Transitional Probabilities No Prosodic Cues vi bi bu ti pi pa li ni tu lidura vorifamanuto nimolu vo lu to fa ma du ri mo nu ra nimoluvorifaliduramanuto… pabikugolatudaropitibudo… kagipovuganomubakafufibako… Implicit Language Learning Study

  13. Implicit Language Learning Paradigm Unstressed Language Stressed Language Random Syllables 144s 30s 144s 30s 144s TIME (seconds)

  14. RH LH LH RH Comparisons with Baseline (Rest) in typical adults Random Syllables RH LH Unstressed Language Stressed Language McNealy et al., under review

  15. Implicit Learning and Reward • Probabilistic Classification Task • Reported by Knowlton and Squires- impaired in PD, intact in amnesia • Inversely related to hippocampal activity • Reward variant- social vs monetary • Stimuli predict a given outcome (1 or 2) either 17% 50% or 83% • Reward and Cognitive (Correct / Incorrect) feedback • Reward type varied: Monetary Rewards or Social Rewards • Equal number of reward and cognitive feedback trials Source: D. Ghahremani

  16. Response Monetary Feedback “1” or “2” 2.5 - 5 s 3.75 - 6.25 s

  17. “Match” “Label” Facial Emotions: ExperimentalParadigm Control MatchExpressions: Perception only; implicit emotional processing Label Expressions: Explicit cognitive analysis

  18. Match Affect- normal adults -seeing negative face expressions activates Face and Fear brain centers amygdala face area Hariri et al., 1999

  19. Label Affect -interpreting negative face expressions activates Face brain center … amygdala Hariri et al., 1999

  20. Cortical Influence During “Label” -this frontal lobe region regulates and controls Fear brain centers Hariri et al., 1999

  21. Bipolar Disorder- Manic State: Altshuler et al 2005

  22. fMRI in Mania (Altshuler et al 2005)

  23. fMRI of Panic Imagery(Bystritsky et al 2001)

  24. Emotional Face Processing in OCD (S. Rausch)

  25. Disgust and Threat Responses in OCD (Shapiro 2002) Disgust Threat Control OCD

  26. Mirror Neurons and Autism • A dysfunctional mirror neuron system (MNS) in autism? (Williams et al 2001) • Mirror neurons: class of neurons first discovered in ventral premotor cortex (area F5) of the macaque (Gallese et al 1996; Rizzolatti et al 1996); Pars opercularis (BA 44), inferior frontal gyrus, is human homologue. • Neurons fire during both the performance and observation of motor behavior; respond to intention: only fire for meaningful actions

  27. faces + 2 s + 2 s + 2 s Mirror Neuron function in autism: Imitating and Observing emotions Watch faces Imitate expressions Angry Fearful Happy Sad Neutral 2 Separate Functional Runs “Just look at the expression on each face” “Imitate the expression you see on each face”

  28. TD Imitate L R 6 5 4 t 3 ASD Imitate 2 1 L R 0 Imitate: TD > ASD p<.05, corrected at cluster level L R Activity During Imitation Motorareas Visual areas Mirror neuron area

  29. z: -12 z: 8 L R R L Amygdala: fear centers Negative faces Imitation: TD > Autism Anterior Insula Connection from mirror centers to emotion centers Ventral striatum: Reward Centers (happy faces)

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