The Age of Reason

1. The Age of Reason Enlightenment & American Revolution

2. Ch 18: The Enlightenment and the American RevolutionSection 1: Philosophy in the Age of Reason.Do Now: 1. Copy Topic and Objective:Topic: The EnlightenmentObjective: SWBAT explain how enlightenment thinkers applied reason and laws of nature to human society.2. Answer in notebook: Do you have the right to say whatever you want to say? What gives you that right?

3. 1. Enlightenment= Age of Reason (1700s) • People are talking, talking, talking ….. About… • ideas of the Scientific Revolution (1500s-1700s) • HUMAN REASON used to understand science (physical laws) • HUMAN REASON can be used to understand NATURAL LAWS: laws that govern human nature • Natural laws can be studied to understand human behavior, society and governments.

4. 2. SOCIAL CONTRACT • JOHN LOCKE • People reasonable & moral • Have NATURAL RIGHTS: from birth and cannot be taken away • Life, liberty, property • WroteTwo Treatises on Government • People form gov’t’s to protect natural rights • Best gov’t = limited power • People can abolish gov’tif it does not fulfill its obligation to protect their natural rights • THOMAS HOBBES • WroteLevithan • People cruel, greedy, selfish • Life in “state of nature” = brutish • People enter a SOCIAL CONTRACT: give up state of nature for an orderly society • Gov’t needed to control evil behavior • Government: absolute monarchy to impose order and obedience

5. 3. MONTESQUIEU, France (1700s) • Studied governments, criticized absolute monarchies • “When the legislative and executive are united in the same person, there is no liberty” • Wrote The Spirit of the Laws • Admired Britain’s limited monarchy = protection against tyranny • SEPARATION OF POWERS = best way to protect liberty DQ: Is there a separation of powers in our government?

6. 4. The Philosophes= Thinkers • France • Apply laws of science to understand and improve society • Use reason to reform government, law, society • Francois-Marie Arouet • Denis Diderot • Jean-Jacques Rousseau

7. 4. The Philosophes: VOLTAIRE It does not require great art, or magnificently trained eloquence, to prove that Christians should tolerate each other. I, however, am going further: I say that we should regard all men as our brothers. What? The Turk my brother? The Chinaman my brother? The Jew? The Siam? Yes, without doubt; are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God? What does Voltaire say about religion? “My trade is to say what I think” “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” • Freedom of Speech; criticizes gov’t, corrption • Opposes slave trade • Believes in religious tolerance • Books burned, Voltaire exhiled

8. 4. The Philosophes: Diderot • 28-volume Encyclopedia • Why? “To change the general way of thinking” • Included articles by Montesquieu, Voltaire • Denounces slavery, praises freedom of expression • R.C Church threatens excommunication for those who buy or read the book • 20, 000 copies printed and translated

9. 4. The Philosophes: Rousseau DQ: Agree? Disagree? What is more important? Good of the community or individual interests? • Comes from a poor family • People, in natural state, basically good • People corrupted by society’s evils, such as unequal wealth distribution • The Social Contract (1762) • Gov’t is a contract between people and rulers • Only minimal controls/ limitations need to be placed on people • GOVERNMENTS should be freely ELECTED • Good of COMMUNITY MORE IMPORTANT than individual interests “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.” DQ: Is this true today? Do people become corrupted due to society’s evils?

10. 5. WOMEN • Philosophes: Women’s natural rights limited to home and family • Women’s protests ridiculed and condemned Mary Wollstonecraft …. • Women’s first duty = motherhood • BUT a woman should make own decisions • A Vindication of the Rights of Women • Calls for equal education for girls and boys • Education = tools for women to participate equally with men DQ: How can education provide one with tools for political participation? Mary Wollstonecraft: “ Taught from infancy that beauty is woman’s scepter, the mind shapes itself to the body, and roaming round its gild cage, only seeks to adorn its prison.”

11. What is the cartoonist saying about laissez-faire? Do you think a laissez-faire policy is a good one? 6. Physiocrats: focus on economic reform • Use natural laws to define a rational economic system • LAIZZES FAIRE economic policy: • Business to operate with little or NO gov’t interference • Real wealth in land (mining, agriculture) NOT gold/ silver • Support free trade (no tariffs) • ADAM SMITH: • The Wealth of Nations • Free market to regulate business activity • Law of supply and demand

12. HOMEWORK 1. Section Review, Page 450 (1-6). 2. Journal: Which Enlightenment thinker do you most agree with and why? Explain how his or her ideas can be used to improve today’s society? Answer on loose paper. Assignment will be collected tomorrow.

13. Ch 18, Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas Spread Enlightenment ideas …. about people’s rights, government, and social justice spread from France to the rest of Europe.

14. Ch 18, Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas Spread Objective: SWBAT explain how enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe, and how it influenced reform. • What roles did censorship and salons play in the spread of new ideas? 2. How did philosophes influence enlightened despots? AND What reforms did Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II make? 3. How did Enlightenment affect arts and literature? 4. Why were the lives of the majority unaffected?

15. Ch 18, Section 2: Enlightenment Ideas Spread 1. What roles did censorship and salons play in the spread of new ideas? Censorship • Government & church authorities want to protect the old order • Monarchies and divine-right rule • Strict class systems • Restrict access to ideas and information • Writers disguise their ideas via works of fiction Salons • Informal social gatherings • Arts, science, literature…. IDEAS discussed there • Attended by philosophes, writers, artists, middle class and nobility

16. How did philosophes influence enlightened despots? AND What reforms did Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II make? • Enlightened despots: absolute monarchs who brought political and social change BUT retained their power • Frederick the Great (Prussia) • Prussian academy of science • Helps peasants • Drains swamps, peasants grow potato • Distributes seeds and tools • Improves government • Religious tolerance • Simplifies laws • Reforms civil service system • Catherine the Great (Russia) • Charter of rights for nobles • Criticized serfdom BUT did nothing about it

17. Prussia

18. Austria

19. How did philosophes influence enlightened despots? AND What reforms did Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II make? • Joseph II (Austria) • “The Peasant Emperor” • Disguised as a peasant, travels among his subjects • Religious Toleration • Toward Jews, Protestants • Ended Censorship • Church Reform • Sold church properties, build hospitals

20. 3.Arts and Literature Art • Modeled on Greek & Roman traditions • 1600s (Renaissance) - Baroque paintings: huge, colorful, lively, glorify historic battles • 1700s - Rococo style in architecture and art: personal, elegant, charming, delicate designs • Middle-class: portraits of family, realistic scenes Music: ballets and operas; ordered, structured • J.S. Bach, G.F. Handel, W.A. Mozart Literature: straightforward prose for middle-class • Robinson Crusoe Bach Mozart

21. 3.Lives of the Majority • Majority = Peasants • Live in small villages • Old traditions • West: peasants work on their OWN land or work for pay for the landowners • East: serfdom – peasants work on lord’s land • Late 1700s: radical enlightenment ideas reach villages….. Unrest ensues.

22. HOMEWORK • JOURNALS (4th Entry): IF YOU COULD HAVE A “SALON-STYLE” MEETING WITH ANY 3 THINKERS, SCIENTISTS OR POLITICIANS, WHO WOULD YOU INVITE AND WHY? What reforms do you think these people could help you with? Explain.

23. DO NOW: Copy Topic & Objectives • Topic: (1700s) Britain at Mid-Century (Ch 18.3) • Objectives: • SWBAT explain why Britain became a global power. • SWBAT explain the structure of constitutional government. • SWBAT explain how George III reasserted power.

24. 1. Britain’s Rise to Global Power • Geography & Trade • Britain controls trade during 1500s-1600s • Outposts in West Indies, India and North America • Outposts became COLONIES • Policy of mercantilism (OPPOSITE of laizzes faire) • BUT… less gov’t interference than in other countries • Wars • Nova Scotia & Newfoundland from France • Treaty of Paris 1763 ends French Indian War and gives the British French Canada • Navy protects empire

25. PA Ohio Country NJ Appalachian Mountains

26. Prior to the French and Indian War After the French and Indian War

27. 1. Britain’s Rise to Global Power • Expansion at Home • Scotland: 1707 Act of Union results in the United Kingdom of Great Britain • Results in economic growth & prosperity • 1715 & 1745: failed Scottish Rebellions • Ireland: controlled since 1100s • 1600s English & Scottish Protestants settle in Ireland • Settlers get title to Irish Catholics’ lands • Catholics: forbidden to own weapons, marry non-Catholics and teach • Result: Uprisings…. Tension remains until current day

28. 2. Constitutional Government 1. Constitutional Government: • A government whose power is defined and limited by law • Acts of Parliament, Magna Carta, Bill of Rights • Political parties, cabinet, prime minister 2. Political Parties • Tories- landowning aristocrats; to preserve old traditions, Anglican Church, favor the crown • Whigs – urban business interests, support religious toleration, favor Parliament

29. 2. Constitutional Government 3. The Cabinet System • Developed during 1700s under George I • Cabinet: a group of parliamentary advisors to the king • Made up of leaders of majority party in Parliament • Cabinet’s decisions approved by House of Commons 4. Prime Minister • Heads the Cabinet • Leader of majority party in Parliament • Chief official of British government

31. 3. Oligarchy • Oligarchy – a government in which the ruling power belongs to few people • Britain – rich landowners and wealthy business leaders control elections to House of Commons • VOTES – limited to few male property owners • Most British excluded from power: • poor, make living off land • many families are removed from their land as landowners buy up farms and take over common lands • Poor move to the towns/ cities • A merchant middle – class emerges

32. HOMEWORK For Tomorrow COMPLETE Chapter 18 Section 3 SECTION REVIEW (ALL QUESTIONS).

33. DO NOW:1.Copy topic & objectives Topic: The American Revolution: Ideas &Issues (CH 18.4) Objectives: SWBAT explain the causes and effects of the American Revolution. SWBAT identify and discuss Enlightenment ideas that influenced the American Revolution.

34. 1. Issues:

35. 2. IDEAS: Europe: Enlightenment Ideas The Colonies: 1776 Common Sense by Thomas Paine

36. American Revolution: • Patriots (colonists) • Patriots – Support Independence • “home court” advantage • Initially losing most battles • British • Loyalists – support King • Professional army • Well equipped, wealthy VS. • 1777 = turning point in war • France joins Patriots • Supplies, soldiers, warships • Spain, Netherlands also join • Battle of Yorktown 1781 • Treaty of Paris 1783

37. Constitution establishes a Federal Republic Constitution • plan for government • Influenced by Enlightenment ideas • Separation of powers: 3 branches of government • Federalism: power divided between federal and state governments • Bill of Rights: lists citizen’s rights and freedoms (in reality, not all citizens were granted these rights)

39. HOMEWORKDue TUESDAY: COMPLETE CH. 18.3 & 18.4 SECTION REVIEWS Due WEDNESDAY: CHAPTER REVIEW STUDY GUIDE (POSTED ON WWW.MRSKHISTORYGHS.WIKISPACES.COM)YOUR TEST IS ON THURSDAY!!!