Wireless Communication and Networks

1. Wireless Communication and Networks Applications of Wireless Communication Wireless Communication Technologies Wireless Networking and Mobile IP Wireless Local Area Networks Student Presentations and Research Papers 4G Technology Features & Challenges http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/AUT2012/teWCNms/

2. Outline • Introduction • What is 4G? • What's New in 4G? • 3G vs. 4G • 4G Network Features • How 4G works • Challenges • Summary

3. What is 4G? • A wireless access technology that is the successor of 3G. • Called "3G and Beyond". • Enables seamless roaming between technologies. • First commercial network deployed in 2010. • NTT DoCoMo tested 4G communication at 100 Mbps while moving, and 1 Gbps while stationary.

4. What's New in 4G? • Entirely packet-switched networks. • All network elements are digital. • Higher bandwidths to provide multimedia services at lower cost (up to 100Mbps). • Tight network security.

5. 4G networks are all-IP (Internet Protocol) based heterogeneous networks This will allow users to: Select any system at any time and anywhere Use Multiple systems at the same time (e.g. GPS and WLANs and CDMA) A wide range of applications using only one 4G integrated terminal. Features of 4G Networks

6. Features of 4G Networks (cont.) • Support interactive multimedia services: teleconferencing, wireless Internet, etc. • Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates. • Global mobility and service portability. • Low cost. • Scalability of mobile networks (>10 times the capacity of 3G).

7. 3G vs. 4G From : www.mobileinfo.com

8. How 4G works (working principle) • The IP address is based on IPv6. • IPv4: X . X . X . X (32 bits) example: 216.37.129.9 • IPv6: 4 × IPv4 (128 bits) example: 216.37.129.9 , 79.23.178.229 , 65.198.2.10 , 192.168.5.120 local network address home address care-of address mobile IP address

9. IPv4 vs. IPv6

10. Content Services OFDM Unspecified TDMA FDD WCDMA TD-CDMA OFDM TDD Direct Sequence Frequency Hopping Very wide area Wide area Metropolitan area Local area Personal area The 4G mobile network(s) HAPS Satellite Wireline or Wireless Networks (Internet) GSM Bluetooth Care-of Add. Mobile IP Add. WLAN UMTS ADSL Home Add. Care-of Add.

11. To migrate current systems to 4G with the features mentioned previously, researchers are facing a number of challenges These challenges are grouped into the following different aspects: Accessing Different Networks: Multimode Devices Overlay Network Terminal Mobility Location Management Handoff Management 4G Systems Challenges

12. 4G Wireless Networks ChallengesFirst Challenge: Accessing Different Networks • One of the most challenging problem facing deployment of 4G technology is how to access different heterogeneous mobile and wireless networks • There are two possible architectures • Multimode Devices • Overlay Networks

13. First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks1. Multimode Devices Architecture • A single physical terminal with multiple interfaces to access the different wireless networks • Advantages: • Improve call completion • Expanded coverage area • Reliable coverage in case of network, link or switch failure • Disadvantages: • Complexity in the hardware of the device • Handoff Mechanism: Performed by the user, device or network

14. Multimode Devices Architecture (cont.) To reduce the complexity of the hardware in the device the most promising technology is to adapt the software defined radio approach bandpass filter reprogrammable Baseband DSP Low noise amplifier Analog/digital converter User BPF ADC LNA Digital Analogue An ideal software radio system

15. Multimode Devices Architecture (cont.) Challenges in software radio technology • High number of antennas: Still It is impossible to have just one antenna and one LNA to cover the bands of all 4G wireless network technologies • The slow speed of ADCs. The speed of the current fastest ADC is still two to three times slower than required

16. First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks2. Overlay Network Architecture • A user accesses an overlay network consisting of several UAPs • UAP Functions: • Select a wireless network based on availability and user choices • Store IPs of user, network and devices • Advantages: • Simplify hardware of the device • Supports single billing • Disadvantages: • More network devices • Handoff Mechanism between UAPs: Performed by overlay network rather than the user or device

17. 4G Wireless Networks ChallengesSecond Challenge: Terminal Mobility • In order to provide wireless services at any time and anywhere, terminal mobility is a must in 4G infrastructure • Terminal mobility allows mobile clients to roam across geographical boundaries of the wireless networks • There are two main issues in terminal mobility: • location management • handoff management

18. Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility1. Location Management • The system tracks and locates a mobile terminal for possible connection • Location management involves handing all the information about • Roaming terminals such as original and current location cells • Authentication information • QoS capabilities

19. Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility2. Handoff Management • Maintain ongoing communication when the terminal roams • IP changes during handoff : IPv6 within the same cell: 216.37.129.9, 79.23.178.229, 65.198.2.10, 192.168.5.120 local network address home address care-of address mobile IP address

20. Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility2. Handoff Management IPv6 when the terminal roams to another cell: 79.23.178.229, 65.198.2.10, 192.168.5.120 216.37.129.9, local network address home address care-of address mobile IP address

21. Handoff Management (cont.) Handoff Management Challenges • Horizontal handoff is performed when the terminal moves from one cell to another within the same wireless system. • Vertical handoff is performed when the terminal moves between two different wireless systems (e.g., from WLAN to GSM) .

22. Challenges in Handoff Management • Vertical & Horizontal handoff will increase • System load (increasing control packets) • Packet losses • Handover latency • Hard correct handoff time: because measuring handoffs is done among different wireless systems

23. Summary • The key concept behind 4G systems is integrating the capacities of all of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies • The IP address system used in 4G is based on the IPv6 technology. • 4G networks is still in the development stage, and in order to utilize their new features many challenges must be addressed.

24. References • Upkar Varshney and Radhika Jain, Issues in Emerging 4G Wireless Networks, Georgia State Jain, Issues in Emerging 4G Wireless Networks, Georgia State University. Available:http://www.ee.oulu.fi/~skidi/teaching/mobile_and_ubiquitous_multimedia_2002/issues_in_emerging_4G_wireless_networks.pdf • Erik Fledderus, Bingulac, Broadband Radio; a vision on 4G, KPN Research, The Netherlands. Available: http://www.brabantbreedband.nl/publications/URSI-GA2002%20ER%20Fledderus.pdf • Ibrahim,Jawad “4G Features,” Bechtel Telecommunications Technical Journal (Vol.1 No.1), Dec. 2002 • Yu Hui, Suk and Kai Hau Yeung, City University of Hong Kong: Challenges in the Migration to 4G Mobile Systems. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/35/28028/01252799.pdf • Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G

25. References (cont.) • Z. Theodore, “Migration toward 4G Wireless Communications,” IEEE Wireless Communication, June. 2004 • U. Narumi, O. Toru, and M. Tatsuro “Overview of Fourth-generation Mobile Communication System,” NTT Technical Review (Vol.2 No.0), Sep. 2004