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AFTER LAWS OF 64-65, Things get more complicated. While it is relatively easy to fix legal issues; segregation, voting discrimination, other issues such as racism, economic issues harder to fix.
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AFTER LAWS OF 64-65, Things get more complicated. • While it is relatively easy to fix legal issues; segregation, voting discrimination, other issues such as racism, economic issues harder to fix. • Laws lead to “revolution of rising expectations”. When they’re not met, much discontent, impatience in black community—leads to more extreme measures.
By the end of the 60s . . . • “We shall overcome” replaced with “Burn Baby Burn”
Civil Rights Gets Radical Post 1965, many tough questions; few easy answers.
Malcolm X • One time member of Nation of Islam • Preached “separation” • Believed in achieving rights by any means necessary • Assassinated 1965—influence continues to grow • Autobiography is a classic of American Lit (read it paired with Barack Obama’s Dreams From My Father for a very interesting look @ African-American experience
Malcolm X • "It doesn't mean that I advocate violence, but at the same time, I am not against using violence in self-defense. I don't call it violence when it's self-defense, I call it intelligence.“ • "I'm not going to sit at your table and watch you eat, with nothing on my plate, and call myself a diner. Sitting at the table doesn't make you a diner, unless you eat some of what's on that plate. Being here in America doesn't make you an American....
Black Power • Broke away from SNCC in 1966 • Led by Stokely Charmichael • Influenced by Malcolm X—advocated Black Self-reliance.
Black Power • A call for blacks to “unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community. . . To begin to define their own goals to lead their own organizations and to support those organizations.” • “Before a group can enter the open society, it must first close ranks.”
Black Power scared mainstream White America • 1968 Olympics • American sprinters win medals • Protest on stand • Stripped of medals
The Black Panthers • Formed in Oakland, CA • Challenged police brutality • Most leaders arrested (some say set up) • Very threatening
Huey Newton on the Black Panthers • We felt that the police needed a label, a label other than that fear image that they carried in the community. So we used the pig as the rather low-lifed animal in order to identify the police. And it worked. • You can jail a Revolutionary, but you can't jail the Revolution. • We have two evils to fight, capitalism and racism. We must destroy both racism and capitalism.
Race Riots of the 60s • Affect most major cities • Big ‘uns are in Watts (LA) 1965, Detroit and Newark (1967) • “We Shall Overcome” replaced by “BURN BABY BURN”
By The End of the 1960s • More questions than answers • 1968: Kerner Commission says we are becoming two societies, one black, one white; separate and totally unequal.
By the end of the 1960s and into future • Legal (de Jure) segregation is outlawed. • De Facto segregation on the rise (segregation in fact, not in law) • African American issues persist • Housing • Jobs • Access to opportunity