Please provide an opinion/thought on photograph above.

2. Please provide an opinion/thought on photograph above.

3. Section 4 Struggle for Civil Rights • Advances after Civil War were made, however, African Americans and others had to struggle against discrimination • (unfair treatment based on prejudice against a certain group) Southern states passed “Jim Crow” laws requiring African Americans and whites to be separated in most public places I.E. : schools, restrooms, buses Segregation (is the social separation of races.)

5. Section 4 Struggle for Rights • NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • Founded 1909 by African Americans AND whites • Worked through court system to challenged laws and customs that denied African Americans constitutional rights • National Urban League • Founded 1910 by concerned citizens • Aided African Americans in getting jobs and tried to improve their opportunities

6. Section 4 Struggle for Rights • Gradually these organization built a civil rights movement that would be supported by millions • Two important events paved the way: • President Truman ordered the end to segregation in armed forces (1948) • Supreme Court Case: Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • NAACP lawyers successfully argued racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. • Violated 14th Amendment • Principle of equal protection under the law

7. Section 4 The Struggle Continues • Martin Luther King • Became one of the main • leaders of civil rights movement • A Baptist minister and • stirring speaker • Believed in non-violent • resistance • (peaceful protest of unfair laws) • Organized marches, • boycotts and demonstrations • These all helped open • people’s eyes to change

8. Section 4 The Struggle Continues • Civil Rights laws of 1960’s opened more doors for minorities, however whites still tended to get more opportunities • 1970’s Federal Government began affirmative action programs • Encouraged the hiring and promoting of minorities and women in fields that were traditionally closed to them • Colleges began practicing this as well • Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)

9. Section 4 The Struggle Continues Today • Even today struggle for equal rights continues • Federal government receives 75,000 complaints per year complaining of workplace discrimination • Racial profiling: (being singled out as suspects because of the way they look) • Hate Crimes: (acts of violence based on a person’s race, color, national origin, gender, or disability)

10. Freedom Riders

11. Freedom Riders • May 4, 1961:seven blacks and six whites left Washington, D.C., on two public buses headed towards the South • test the Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional.  • riders were severely beaten. Outside Anniston, Alabama, one of their buses was burned • Freedom Riders were evacuated from Birmingham, Alabama to New Orleans.

12. violence ending the trip would send the wrong signal to the country. • Added volunteers, and the trip continued. • savagely attacked by a mob of more than 1000 whites in Montgomery, AL • Continued to Mississippi, where they endured further brutality and jail terms

13. generated more publicity and inspired dozens more Freedom Rides. • By the end of the summer, the protests had spread to train stations and airports across the South • November, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued rules prohibiting segregated transportation facilities