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BART – Source Attribution of Visibility Impairment

BART – Source Attribution of Visibility Impairment. WESTAR August 31, 2005 EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Todd Hawes Hawes.todd@epa.gov. Pa sayten (W). Oly mpic (NP). North Cascades (NP). Glacier Peak (W). Alpine Lakes (W). Mt. Rainer (NP). Glacier (NP).

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BART – Source Attribution of Visibility Impairment

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  1. BART – Source Attribution of Visibility Impairment WESTAR August 31, 2005 EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Todd Hawes Hawes.todd@epa.gov

  2. Pasayten (W) • Olympic (NP) • North Cascades (NP) • Glacier Peak (W) • Alpine Lakes (W) • Mt. Rainer (NP) • Glacier (NP) Cabinet Mtns (W) • Medicine Lake (W) • Goat Rocks (W) Roosevelt-Campobello (IP) • Lostwood (W) • Bob Marshall (W) Boundary Waters Canoe Area (W) • U.L. Bend (W) Voyageurs NP • Mt. Adams (W) • Isle Royale (NP) • Scapegoat (W) • Mt. Hood (W) • Eagle Cap (W) • Gates of the Mountain (W) Acadia (NP) • Mt Jefferson (W) • Selway Bitterroot (W) Diamond Peak (W) • Theodore Roosevelt (NP) • Seney (W) • Mt. Washington (W) • Anaconda Pintlar (W) • Great Gulf (W) Hells Canyon (W) • Three Sisters (W) Red Rock Lake (W) Presidental Range - Dry River (W) Kalmiopsis (W) • Strawberry Mt. (W) Yellowstone (NP) Mountain Lakes (W) • North Absaroka (W) • Crater Lake (NP) Moosehorn (W) • Lye Brook (W) • Sawtooth (W) • Washakie (W) • Gearhart Mt. (W) Teton (W) • Grand Teton (NP) • Redwood (NP) • Craters of the Moon (W) • Marble Mt. (W) Badlands (W) • Lava Beds (W) Lassen Volcanic (NP) • Wind Cave (NP) • Fitzpatrick (W) • South Warner (W) • Jarbridge (W) • Thousand Lakes (W) • Bridger (W) • Yolla-Bolly-Middle-Eel (W) • Caribou (W) Desolation (W) Flat Tops (W) • Mt. Zirkel(W) Dolly Sods (W) • Pt. Reyes (W) • Brigantine (W) • Rawah (W) • Mokelumme (W) Emigrant (W) • Rocky Mountains (NP) • Hoover (W) • Arches (NP) • Eagles Nest (W) Otter Creek (W) • Shenandoah (NP) Yosemite (NP) • Capital Reef (NP) • Kaiser (W) • Maroon Bells-Snowmass (W) Pinnacles (W) Ansel Adams (W) • Canyonlands (NP) • Kings Canyon (NP) • West Elk (W) • Bryce Canyon (NP) John Muir (W) • James River Face (W) • Black Canyon (W) • Sequoia (NP) • Zion (NP) Ventana (W) Weminuche (W) • La Garita (W) • Mesa Verde (NP) • San Rafael (W) • Mammoth Cave (NP) • Great Sand Dunes (W) Grand Canyon (NP) • Dome Land (W) • Mingo (W) • Linville Gorge (W) • Hercules-Glades (W) • San Gabriel (W) • Wheeler Peak (W) • Swanquarter (W) • Sycamore Canyon (W) • San Pedro Parks (W) • Cucamonga (W) • Shining Rock (W) Great Smoky Mountains (NP) • San Gorgonio (W) • Petrified Forest (NP) • Pecos (W) • Pine Mtn. (W) • Upper Buffalo (W) • San Jacinto (W) • Bandelier (W) Joyce Kilmer - Slickrock (W) • Mazatzal (W) • Joshua Tree (W) • Cohotta (W) • Sierra Ancha (W) • Wichita Mountains (W) Agua Tibia (W) • Mt. Baldy (W) • Sipsey (W) Superstition (W) • Bosque del Apache (W) • Cape Romain (W) • Galiuro (W) • Caney Creek (W) • Salt Creek (W) • Gila (W) Legend NP= National Park W = Wilderness IP = Int'l Park • White Mountain (W) • Saguaro (W) • Carlsbad Caverns (NP) • Chiricahua (W) • Wolf Island (W) • Guadalupe Mtns. (NP) • Okefenokee (W) See 40 CFR 81.401-437 for a listing of these areas by State • St. Marks (W) • Breton (W) Big Bend (NP) • Chassahowitzka (W) • Denali (NP) • Bearing Sea (W) Tuxedni (W) • Haleakala (NP) • Hawaii Volcanoes (NP) • Simeonof (W) • Everglades (NP) Map of 156 Mandatory Class I Federal Areas

  3. Example Rate To Achieve Natural Conditions in 60 Years (under § 308) Baseline 30 Required Analysis for 1st Implementation Period x x (Visibility impairment in Deciviews) 12 Natural Ultimate CAA goal Long Term Strategy for Reasonable Progress BART is and independent part of Reasonable Progress 2004 2018 2064 Year

  4. Common metrics of haze: visual range, light extinction coefficient, deciview • All are mathematically related • Deciview: uniform changes in haziness correspond to uniform incremental changes in perception across the entire range of possible conditions • Not a feature of visual range or light extinction • A deciview in the east is the same as in the west Visibility Metrics

  5. SULFATE NITRATE ELEM. CARBON ORGANICS CRUSTAL Regional Variation of Visibility Impairment and Contributing Pollutants on 20% Haziest Days 22 dv 31 dv 22 dv 24 dv 22 dv 13 dv 18 dv

  6. Best AvailableRetrofitTechnology(BART) : • A source is BART eligible if: • Major stationary source, including EGUs • 26 PSD categories • Placed into operation: 1962-1977 • Potential to emit 250 tons of any pollutant reasonably anticipated to contribute to regional haze in any Class I area (modeling analysis helps determine cause or contribute)

  7. CLASS I AREAS WITH BART ELIGIBLE UNITS 250 TONS/YR AND ABOVE • 96 facilities (245 units) • 4.5 million TPY SO2 • 1.9 million TPY Nox • CAIR - 78 facilities (199units) • 4.0 million TPY SO2 • 1.5 million TPY Nox April 20, 2005 OAQPS final version EGU BART UNITS >250 tons/yr.

  8. CLASS I AREAS WITH BART ELIGIBLE UNITS 250 TONS/YR AND ABOVE SO2 – 1.2 millionTPY NOx – 682 K TPY April 20, 2005 OAQPS final version nonEGU (SO2&NOx) BART UNITS >250 tons/yr.

  9. CLASS I AREAS WITH BART ELIGIBLE UNITS 250 TONS/YR AND ABOVE April 20, 2005 OAQPS final version EGU & nonEGU (SO2&NOx) BART UNITS >250 tons/yr.

  10. Determining if a Source is Subject to BART • 3 Options: • Individual source assessment • Cumulative assessment of all BART-eligible sources • Assessment based on model plants

  11. Subject to BART (cont) • Perform source-specific analysis for exemption test: • Use CALPUFF or other EPA approved model • Compare to natural background • “Cause” = impact of 1.0 deciview or more • “Contribute” – 0.5 deciview, 24-hour average (State may set lower threshold) • Use the 7th highest value over 3 or 5 years depending on the meteorological period modeled • Use the estimated 24-hour max. actual emission rate • Consider all eligible sources to be subject, based on an analysis of an area’s contribution to visibility impairment -- or demonstrate that no sources are subject, based on cumulative modeling. • Develop model plants to exempt sources with common characteristics • BART Guidelines provide example model runs

  12. If the Source “causes or contributes” to visibility impairment…then • Subject to a BART engineering review to determine a control technology to set an emission limit (BART) • For each source, State must consider 5 factors: • Controls already in place at the source • Cost of compliance • Remaining useful life • Energy and nonair environmental impacts Visibility Test – the fifth factor • Degree of visibility improvement from use of such technology <CALPUFF> Note – the control determination (BART) is established based on a review of these five factors

  13. Visibility Impacts • Degree of visibility improvement expected from controls • Run CALPUFF at pre-control and post-control emission rates for SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 • Visibility impacts = 7th highest value of difference of pre-control and post-control runs (use 24-hour maximum actual emission rates and compare to natural conditions) • A threshold may be used but is not required and it may be lower than 0.5 ddv. Consider magnitude, frequency, and duration of impacts.

  14. Modeling Protocol • Needed in all cases regardless of distance • Describes how States, RPOs, or Sources will run the model • Should involve all stakeholders including States, RPOs, EPA, FLMs • We recommend IWAQM as a starting point • Flexibility

  15. Alternatives to CALPUFF for exemption (Q/D) • Criticisms • No accounting for terrain, meteorology, chemistry, 24-hour emission rates • May be used to help inform the BART applicability provisions • We may consider if there is adequate demonstration that results are equivalent or better than CALPUFF

  16. Q & A’s • When are the SIPs due? • December 17, 2007 (three years after PM2.5 designation) • Explain the de minimis levels (40 TPY for SO2 and NOx and 15 TPY for PM2.5) • Plant wide • Is BART pollutant specific? • Yes • Explain the threshold level of 0.5 ddv • 0.5 or lower for the “subject to BART” step; no threshold for the visibility analysis for the control evaluation

  17. Q & A’s (cont.) • What about the model plant example in the rule – the 500 TPY/50 km exemption? • Illustrative only • Can a source take a permit limit to avoid a BART determination? • Yes

  18. Additional Information • Website: www.epa.gov/air/visibility/ • “Draft Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions Under the Regional Haze Program” • “Draft Guidance for Tracking Progress Under the Regional Haze Program” • www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1pgm.html • IMPROVE and website • http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve • Contacts: Todd Hawes (hawes.todd@epa.gov) , Kathy Kaufman (kaufman.kathy@epa.gov) • 919-541-5591 or 919-541-0102

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