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Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator — Lesson 14

Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator — Lesson 14. Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, 2 nd Edition Chapter 14 — Water Shuttle Operations. Learning Objectives. 1. Select facts about pumpers and water tenders. 2. Distinguish between gravity and jet-assisted dumps.

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Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator — Lesson 14

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  1. Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator — Lesson 14 Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, 2nd Edition Chapter 14 — Water Shuttle Operations

  2. Learning Objectives 1. Select facts about pumpers and water tenders. 2. Distinguish between gravity and jet-assisted dumps. 3. List disadvantages of jet-assisted dumps. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  3. Learning Objectives 4. List crucial decisions that must be made at the beginning of a water shuttle operation. 5. Select facts about selecting dump and fill site locations. 6. Answer questions about selecting the route of travel. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  4. Learning Objectives 7. List safety issues to be considered when selecting a particular route of travel. 8. Select facts about water shuttles in the Incident Command System (ICS). 9. Answer questions about positioning the fill site pumper. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  5. Learning Objectives 10. Select facts about a fill site layout. 11. List the methods for filling tenders on the top of the apparatus. 12. Answer questions about operating and shutting down the fill site. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  6. Learning Objectives 13. Operate at a fill site as part of a water shuttle operation. 14. List the dump site operational methods. 15. Select facts about the dump site operational methods. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  7. Learning Objectives 16. List the water tender discharge methods. 17. Answer questions about single and multiple portable tank operations. 18. Select facts about shutting down the dump site. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  8. Learning Objectives 19. Operate at a portable water tank dump site as part of a water shuttle operation. 20. Establish, operate, and shut down a multiple portable tank water shuttle dump site. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  9. Learning Objectives 21. State the equations for determining travel time, handling time, and tender flow rate. 22. Calculate tender flow rates. Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  10. Pumpers • Fill site pumpers • Position at supply source and fill water tenders • Have a minimum pump capacity of 1,000 gpm (4 000 L/min) per NFPA 1901 (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  11. Pumpers • Dump site pumpers • Located at or near the fire scene and used to draft water from portable water tanks (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  12. Pumpers • Need to be equipped with hard intake hose and strainers for drafting • May be specifically designed by jurisdiction • Light-duty trucks or trailers equipped with large-volume, auxiliary-powered, irrigation or trash pumps that discharge through large diameter hose • Capacities up to 1,600 gpm (6 400 L/min) at a maximum of 80 psi (550 kPa) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  13. Water Tenders • The backbone of any water shuttle operation • Carry at least 1,000 gallons (4 000 L) of water • Most carry from 1,500 to 3,000 gallons (6 000 L to 12 000 L) (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  14. Water Tenders • Those with water tanks with less than 2,500 gallons (10 000 L) and rapid unloading capabilities are the most efficient for use in water shuttle operations. • Those with tanks exceeding 2,500 gallons (10 000 L) are used as dump sites instead of portable water tanks. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  15. Water Tenders • Those used only for water shuttle operations do not require a fire pump if they are equipped with a suitable gravity dump system. • Some rural departments purchase vacuum tankers because of efficiency. These self-fill at a rate of up to 2,000 gpm (8 000 L/min) with lift capability of up to 22 feet (6.7 m) (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  16. Water Tenders • Some departments convert other types of tank trucks, including petroleum tankers, milk trucks, vacuum trucks, and surplus military vehicles. • Problems with these trucks: • Chassis are not designed for weight of water carried on them • Tanks are inadequately baffled for fire service use Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  17. Water Tender Requirements • Tank-to-pump line that is capable of supplying the pump with 500 gpm (2 000 L/min) until at least 80 percent of water is emptied • Should be at least 2 inches (50 mm) in diameter (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  18. Water Tender Requirements • At least one external fill connection that is plumbed directly into the tank • Allow tank to be filled at a minimum rate of 1,000 gpm (4 000 L/min) • Equipped with valve, strainer, and 30º elbow; valves 3 inches (77 mm) or larger must be slow-closing (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  19. Water Tender Requirements • At least one large tank discharge that is capable of emptying 90 percent of the tank volume at an average rate of 1,000 gpm (4 000 L/min) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  20. Water Tender Filling andDumping Capabilities • Those that use smaller diameter supply lines for filling should have at least two external fill connections piped directly to the tank. • If LDH is used, one fill connection to the tank is adequate. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  21. Water Tender Filling andDumping Capabilities • The direct tank fill inlet(s) may be designed so that the tank is filled from bottom or top. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  22. Water Tender Filling andDumping Capabilities • Although NFPA only requires one large tank discharge, or dump valve, be installed on a water tender, it is highly recommended that each tender be equipped with at least three. Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  23. Gravity Dumps • Rely on gravity to empty water from the tank • Usually employ 8-inch (200 mm) or larger round or square piping with a valve that extends to the exterior of the apparatus (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  24. Gravity Dumps • Have a valve that is designed to be opened manually or remotely Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  25. Jet-Assisted Dumps • Use of small diameter in-line discharge inserted into the piping of the large tank discharge, which creates a venturi effect that increases water flow through the large tank discharge Courtesy: Rimrock Fire Dept. (AZ) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  26. Disadvantages of Jet-Assisted Dumps • Apparatus must be equipped with fire pump. • The fire pump must be engaged before dumping water from the tank. • Water can still be discharged if the pump is not operating, but at a considerably lower rate. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  27. Disadvantages of Jet-Assisted Dumps • They increase cost of the apparatus. • There is a danger of water being discharged completely over the portable tank and hitting anyone or anything on the other side. • There is a danger of the pump and piping freezing in cold temperatures. Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  28. Beginning of the Water Shuttle Operation • The success or failure of a water shuttle hinges on several decisions that must be made at the beginning of the incident. • Location of the dump site • Location of the fill site • Route of travel for the tenders between dump and fill sites Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  29. Selecting the Dump Site Location • Should be in close proximity to the incident scene • May be advantageous to locate at nearest intersection in cases of narrow lane, driveway, or dead-end street (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  30. Selecting the Dump Site Location • Large parking lots or other open areas very near the scene make excellent dump sites. Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  31. Selecting a Fill Site Location • Should be selected by IC or water supply group supervisor • Should require a minimum of maneuvering of backing of the water tenders (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  32. Selecting a Fill Site Location • The best fill and dump sites are those in which the water tenders drive straight in, fill or dump, then proceed straight out (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  33. Selecting a Fill Site Location • If some maneuvering is unavoidable, remember that it is better to maneuver an apparatus before the tank is filled. • On large-scale operations, it may be advantageous to use multiple fill and dump sites. Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  34. Selecting the Route of Travel • The route of travel should reflect both safety and operational efficiency considerations. • A circular route is considered to be the optimum arrangement. • Full tankers leave the fill site following one route; empty tenders leave the dump site using a different route. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  35. Selecting the Route of Travel • If possible, roadways should be closed to all traffic other than emergency vehicles. WARNING! At fill sites adjacent to roadways that have not been closed to public traffic, water tenders should be positioned off the roadway when possible. When not possible, traffic cones, signs, and/or other devices should be set out to warn motorists to avoid apparatus stopped there. Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  36. Safety Issues When Selecting a Route of Travel • Narrow roads — Can cause tires to leave the road surface and cause a rollover • Long driveways — Require tight maneuvering of apparatus • Blind curves and intersections — Crossing the centerline on blind curves risks entering the path of other vehicles (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  37. Safety Issues When Selecting a Route of Travel • Winding roads — Require a lot of concentration by driver/operators • Steep grades — Slow the operation and increase wear on the vehicle • Inclement weather conditions — Avoid roads that have not been cleared of ice, snow, standing water, mud, or storm debris Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  38. Water Shuttles in the Incident Command System (ICS) • The IC may establish a water supply branch or group that includes the water shuttle operation. • The supervisor of this group is known as the Water Supply Group Supervisor; he or she only communicates directly with command. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  39. Water Shuttles in the Incident Command System (ICS) • The supervisor should appoint individuals to be in charge of the fill site and the dump site. • Jurisdictions with multiple radio frequencies may find it helpful to switch the water shuttle operation to a separate channel. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  40. Water Shuttles in the Incident Command System (ICS) • The supervisor should monitor water demand at the dump site and anticipate problems. • The IC should be in close contact with the supervisor in case conditions demand a significant change in water volume needed. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  41. Water Shuttles in the Incident Command System (ICS) • When a significant amount of water is required for a large fire fighting operation, it may be necessary to establish two or more independent water shuttle operations. • When two or more shuttles are required, the IC may establish a water supply branch with a Water Supply Branch Director in charge. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  42. Positioning the Fill Site Pumper • Water supplies for a shuttle operation come from either a fire hydrant or a static water supply source. • IFSTA recommends that a pumper be used to fill tenders at all fill site operations, regardless of whether a hydrant or static source is used. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  43. Positioning the Fill Site Pumper • A pumper connected to a hydrant can deliver greater water volume per minute than a hydrant alone. • If a pumper is not available and water tenders must refill from a hydrant, the first tender can leave the necessary intake hose and fittings for use by the next tender. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  44. Positioning the Fill Site Pumper • Driver/Operators must determine best position for drafting or hydrant connection that allows maximum access for tenders to be filled. • When positioning at a hydrant, driver/operators should connect a large diameter intake hose between the large pump intake and the steamer connection on the hydrant. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  45. Positioning the Fill Site Pumper • If the hydrant is on a particularly strong main, smaller diameter lines may be connected between 2½-inch (65 mm) hydrant outlet(s) and auxiliary intake(s) on the pump. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  46. Positioning the Fill Site Pumper • When positioning at a draft, seek a spot that requires a minimum amount of lift or hard intake hose. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  47. Positioning the Fill Site Pumper • If the static water supply source is inaccessible, two or more high-volume portable pumps may be used to relay water. • A booster line or some other type of small discharge line within view of the driver/operator should be continuously flowed from the fill site pumper to prevent loss of prime. Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  48. Fill Site Layout • Once fill site pumper has positioned at the water supply source, lay out the remainder of hose and appliances needed to operate. • The most efficient hoses used are two 2½-inch (65 mm) direct tank fill connections or one LDH direct tank fill connection on the rear of the vehicle. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  49. Fill Site Layout • First determine where to position the water tender when it arrives at the fill site. It should be positioned to require a minimum of hose from the fill site pumper. • The ideal position allows the driver/operator to enter and exit the site without the need to turn around or back up. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

  50. Fill Site Layout • Once the exact fill site has been established, a traffic cone or similar marker may be used to denote the stopping point for the water tender driver/operator. The water tender should be pulled so that the driver’s side door window is adjacent to the cone. (Continued) Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator

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