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The Speech Therapy Centres of Canada offers speech language pathology services in Toronto, GTA and surrounding areas. We have a team of dedicated speech-language pathologists (commonly known as speech therapists), each focusing on a particular area of speech therapy.
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THE SPEECH‐LANGUAGE PATHOLOGIST REPORT: HOW THEY MAKE A DIFFERENCE “COMMUNICATION IS MORE THAN WORDS” WRITTEN BY: JEANETTE PODOLSKY SPEECH‐LANGUAGE PATHOLOGIST, REG: CASLPO CLINICAL DIRECTOR THE SPEECH THERAPY CENTRES OF CANADA SEPTEMBER 2010 (REVISED APRIL 2011)
When assessing a client following a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) there are many areas addressed by a speech‐language pathologist (S‐LP). These areas include: attention, memory, auditory comprehension, speech, swallowing, expressive language including social communication (pragmatics), discourse, verbal reasoning, and executive functioning. The concept of “permanent serious impairment” is an important one for the S‐LP to consider when completing an assessment report. While S‐LPs cannot determine whether a person meets the requirements for Catastrophic Impairment, the detailed assessment and subsequent reports when conducted and written properly, taking the American Medical Association Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 4th Edition into consideration, can play a significant role in contributing to this Catastrophic (CAT) determination. WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN AN S‐LP’s REPORT 1.The S‐LP’s knowledge of cognitive‐communication and in particular the subtle changes that occur following a TBI. The College of Audiologists and Speech‐Language Pathologists of Ontario (CASLPO) states that “Cognitive‐ communication disorders are communication impairments resulting from underlying cognitive deficits due to neurological impairment. These are difficulties in communicative competence (listening, speaking, reading, writing, conversation and social interaction) that result from underlying cognitive impairments (attention, memory, organization, information processing, problem solving and executive functions). These disorders are distinct from other neurological communication disorders (e.g. aphasia, dysarthria etc.) and require specific techniques.” (ASHA, 1987 Freund, et al., 1994; Gillis, 1996; Heilman, Safran and Geschwind, 1971; Sarno, 1980; Ylvisaker& Szekeres, 1996). 2.The detailed pre‐ and post‐accident cognitive‐communication, speech and language functioning. This aspect must be included in all reports. Knowledge of social functioning pre‐ vs post‐ injury can provide extremely significant information with regard to level of impairment. 3.A framework that must include the International Classification of Functioning (ICF). The International Classification of Functioning (ICF) is the World Health Organization’s (WHO) framework for health and disability. “It
is a conceptual basis for the definition, measurement and policy formulations for health and disability. It is a universal classification of disability and health for use in health and health related sectors.” (Towards a Common Language for Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF, Geneva, 2002). The ICF specifies higher‐level cognitive functions, attention, memory, language, and voice and speech functions to be considered under Analysis of Impairment of Body Functions (ICF Checklist Version 2.1a, Clinician Form, 2003). In addition, under Activity Participation and Participation Restriction (AP&PR) it specifies communication as its own domain which includes: receiving and producing both verbal and nonverbal messages as well as conversations. Interpersonal interactions and relationships (which involve social communication skills) are also addressed within their own domain under AP&PR. 4.Formal standardized testing methods. The CASLPO Preferred Practice Guideline (PPG) for Cognitive Communication Disorders (2002) states, “There is an obligation on the part of the speech‐language pathologist to be aware of the standardized tests that are available and to use and interpret them appropriately.” (p.10) The combination and type of standardized measures used need to be carefully selected by the S‐LP. These need to target both the obvious and subtle changes which frequently occur following a TBI. 5.Non‐standardized testing methods. In order to assess areas for which there are not standardized tests available, the CASLPO PPG lists as “Required”, the use of such items as checklists, interviews, disability measures, behavioural observation charts, and questionnaires. (p.22) S‐LPs are trained to use these required items and thoroughly examine the client’s communication both qualitatively and quantitatively. The importance of using both standardized and non‐standardized testing methods is particularly significant when it comes to pragmatics (i.e. social communication) and discourse (i.e. conversation) where both of these areas need to be assessed in order to formulate an accurate conclusion about impairment. Pragmatics – “Is the knowledge, awareness, and use of the rules of conversation; for example, listener’s perspective, turn‐taking, topic
selection, and topic introduction. (Freund, Hayter, MacDonald, Neary, Wiseman‐Hakes, 1994) Discourse (conversation) –This includes conveying information, sharing an experience and arguing or persuading. “These disturbances in TBI are more prevalent and longer lasting then specific language problems. Seventy‐five percent of individuals with TBI are found to have discourse problems.” (MacDonald, 2007) 6.An in‐depth knowledge and awareness of the functional impact that result from cognitive‐communication difficulties. One of the methods of value used to assess functional communication is the American Speech and Hearing Association’s (ASHA) National Outcome Measures Systems (NOMS). The NOMS for pragmatics, for example, include a scale that ranges from least functional (Level 1) to most functional (Level 7). Somebody with a pragmatic difficulty may do fairly well in a structured one‐on‐one setting but not in a busier environment, such as a workplace or school. CONCLUSION At the Speech Therapy Centres of Canada Ltd. we use a combination of standardized and non‐standardized methods, evidence‐based practice and clinical experience to provide thorough assessment reports that identify communication impairments and their functional impact on daily life. Our reports are an extremely valuable tool in determining the cognitive‐communication and speech and language functioning of a client with a TBI. The reports can play a significant role in contributing to a CAT determination. If you would like more information regarding SLP reports or our services, please do not hesitate to contact me at: 905.886.5941
REFERENCES American Speech and Hearing Association (ASHA), (2003). National Outcome Measures System (NOMS): Adult Speech‐Language Pathology User’s Guide College of Audiologists and Speech‐Language Pathologists of Ontario (CASLPO), (2002). Preferred Practice Guidelines for Cognitive‐Communication Disorders. CASLPO, Desk Reference, Toronto, Ontario www.caslpo.com Freund, Hayter, MacDonald, Neary & Wiseman‐Hakes (1994). Cognitive‐ communication disorders following traumatic brain injury: A Practical Guide. Communication Skill Builders, Tucson, Arizona. MacDonald, S., (March 29 & 39, 2007) Assessment and Treatment of Cognitive‐ Communication Disorders (Level 1): Evidence‐Based Practice, Practice Guidelines and Clinical Insights. World Health Organization (WHO), (2002) Towards a Common Language for Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF, Geneva phone: 905.886.5941 fax: 905.886.2362 email: info@speechtherapycentres.com web: www.speechtherapycentres.com