How to Outline a Chapter

1. How to Outline a Chapter

2. Step oneHave a plan so you don’t get confused. • I set my outlines up the same way every time. • For the Larger Section Headings in the Chapters I use Roman Numerals to line them out. • For the topics that are being discussed I use letters I use Capital Letters • Fore the actual information I use numbers. I. Section Headings A. Section Topic 1. Begin my summaries

3. Step two:Summarize each paragraph in 1-2 sentences • Don’t try and write every word. • Read the paragraph and write down the main ideas or key concepts. • The more you practice the better you will get.

4. Example • I. Neolithic Era • A. Origins of Agriculture • 1. new stone age= more polished tools used for agriculture cultivation. • 2. farming not fool proof, natural disasters and rising pop. were issues. • 3. Agricultural developed by Paleolithic women who saw patterns of plants, domestication by Paleolithic men. • Agriculture transition no revolution.

5. I. Neolithic Era • A. Origins of Agriculture • 1. new stone age= more polished tools used for agriculture cultivation. • 2. farming not fool proof, natural disasters and rising pop. were issues. • 3. Agricultural developed by Paleolithic women who saw patterns of plants, domestication by Paleolithic men.4. Agriculture transition no revolution.

6. B. Early Agriculture • 1. Slash and burn used first, required frequent movement so cultivation spread quickly. • 2. Farming = more work, less free time than hunting and gathering. • C. Spread of Agriculture • 1. forced on large societies as game became scare, allowed for stable food supply. • 2. More food meant secure communities, surplus food helped in times of troubles.

7. II. Early Agricultural Society • A. Villages and Towns • 1. Cultivation led to end of migratory life. • 2. Jericho, near dead sea in Israel early community, surplus farming and hunted game, showed signs of trade and need for protection with large walls. • B. Specialization of labor • 1. Surplus food allowed people to focus on non-farming jobs. • 2. CatalHuyuk in Turkey held up to 8000 people, supported industries such as pottery, metallurgy and textiles. 3. Specialized jobs became elements of agricultural society, new technologies in response to growing needs for better tools and utensils.

8. C. Pottery • 1. Earliest industry, used for food and water storage, progressed to form of artistic expression. • D. Metal Works • 1. Copper used first because occurs in many areas naturally. • 2. Used for jewelry and weapons. • 3. Began heating copper to make stronger tools and weapons, will use similar technique to work gold, bronze and iron later in History. • E. Textiles • 1. used fibers from plants to spin and weave together into cloth, mostly done by the women. • Social Distinctions • 1. Surplus food lead to individual wealth for first time. 2. Land = power, the more your family had the higher the class you were in.

9. III. Neolithic Culture • A. Religious Values • 1. Created stories of the relationships between the heavens and earth, led to creation of calendar to predict seasons. 2. Celebrated birth , growth , death , regeneration of life. (growing season) • 3. Venus like figures show worship of fertility really a worship of the agricultural seasons and the earth. • IV. Origins of Urban Life • A. Emergence of Cities • 1. More job specialization took place in larger cities. Professional class develops: governors, tax collectors, military leaders. Service jobs needed for city stability. • 2. Large cities had power to influence politics, economics and culture of large regional areas. • 3. Earliest large communities: 1. Mesopotamia, 2. Egypt, 3. India, 4. China all are located on major river sources.

10. Which metal was the earliest to be successfully mined and fashioned into tools? • A. iron • B. bronze • C. tin. • D. copper • E. gold

11. It is presumed by historians that women played the catalyst role in specific areas of Neolithic life. The two areas were: • A. herding and cooking • B. pottery and religion • C. agriculture and textiles • D. jewelry making and painting • E. social distinctions and education

12. What made pottery the earliest craft associated with the Neolithic period? • A. Clay was easily available in the Middle East • B. Storage baskets had many drawbacks • C. They could be used for irrigation as well • D. There had been little need to store food in earlier societies. • E. Pots could be artistic as well as functional

13. Which of the following most accurately describes the development of professions? • A. Nomads settled into permanent communities and needed technology produced by professionals immediately. • B. Since settled peoples required pots to store grain, they allowed members to become potters as soon as they harvested the first crops. • C. Migratory peoples brought priests with them. Once they settled down, the priests were exempt from farming. • D. Nomads began to farm and settle into communities. Professions developed as the community could release some members from farm labor. • E. Neolithic potters found sources of clay in the middle east. They settled into farming communities to provide the farmers with storage containers.