به نام پروردگار

1. به نام پروردگار

2. بیوتکنولوژی جلسه آخر مرور

3. Glossary of Biotechnology Terms

4. Biotechnology • کاربرد علوم زیستی و اثر متقابل آن در فناوری‌های ساخت بشر

5. Agrobacteriumtumefaciens • A gram-negative, rod-shaped flagellated bacterium responsible for crown gall tumor in plants. Following infection, the TI plasmid from the bacterium becomes integrated into the host plant's DNA, and the presence of the bacterium is no longer necessary for the continued growth of the cell. This bacterium is now used to deliberately transfer genetic material into plants through biotechnology.

6. Biobased products • Fuels, chemicals, building materials, or electric power or heat produced from biological material(s). The term may include any energy, commercial or industrial products, other than food or feed, that uses biological products or renewable domestic agricultural (plant, animal and marine), or forestry materials.

7. Biopharming • The production of biopharmaceuticals in plants or domestic animals

8. Bt corn • A corn plant that has been developed though biotechnology so that the plant tissues express a protein derived from a bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, which is toxic to some insects but non-toxic to humans and other mammals

9. Cell • The lowest denomination of life thought to be possible. Most organisms consist of more than one cell which becomes specialized into particular functions to enable the whole organism to function properly. Cells contain DNA and many other elements to enable the cell to function

10. Embryonic stem (ES) cells • Cell lines derived from early embryos that have the potential to differentiate into all types of somatic cells as well as to form germ line cells, and hence whole animals, when injected into early embryos

11. Genetic engineering • The technique of removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule to change the information it contains. By changing this information, genetic engineering changes the type or amount of proteins an organism is capable of producing, thus enabling it to make new substances or perform new functions

12. Genetically modified organism (GMO) • Often, the label GMO and the term "transgenic" are used to refer to organisms that have acquired novel genes from other organisms by laboratory "gene transfer" methods.

13. Herbicide-tolerant crop • Crop plants that have been developed to survive application(s) of one or more commercially available herbicides by the incorporation of certain gene(s) via biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering or traditional breeding methods (such as natural, chemical, or radiation mutation).

14. Homologous recombination • Rearrangement of related DNA sequences on a different molecule by crossing over in a region of identical sequence

15. Horizontal gene transfer • Transmission of DNA between species, involving close contact between the donor's DNA and the recipient, uptake of DNA by the recipient, and stable incorporation of the DNA into the recipient's genome

16. Knock In • Replacement of a gene by a mutant version of the same gene using homologous recombination

17. Knock Out • Inactivation of a gene by homologous recombination following transfection with a suitable DNA construc

18. Microinjection • The introduction of DNA into the nucleus of an oocyte, embryo, or other cell by injection through a very fine needle

19. Mutation • Any inheritable change in DNA sequence.

20. Nuclear transfer (NT) • The generation of a new animal nearly identical to another one by injection of the nucleus from a cell of the donor animal into an enucleated oocyte of the recipien

21. Organic agriculture • A concept and practice of agricultural production that focuses on production without the use of synthetic pesticides

22. Pesticide resistance • A genetic change in response to selection by a pesticide, resulting in the development of strains capable of surviving a dose lethal to most individuals in a normal population. Resistance may develop in insects, weeds, or pathogens

23. Plasmid • A circular DNA molecule capable of replication in bacteria. Plasmids are the usual means of propagation of DNA for transfection or other purposes

24. Recombinant DNA molecules (rDNA) • A combination of DNA molecules of different origin that are joined using recombinant DNA technologies

25. Traditional breeding • Modification of plants and animals through selective breeding. Practices used in traditional plant breeding may include aspects of biotechnology such as tissue culture and mutation breeding

26. Transgenic • Containing genes altered by insertion of DNA from an unrelated organism. Taking genes from one species and inserting them into another species to get that trait expressed in the offspring

27. Vector • A type of DNA, such as a plasmid or phage that is self-replicating and that can be used to transfer DNA segments among host cells. Also, an insect or other organism that provides a means of dispersal for a disease or parasite

28. Vertical transmission • Inheritance of a gene from parent to offspring.

29. Antibiotic • A natural or synthetic chemical that is used to kill bacteria in order to treat diseases in humans and animals.

30. Antibody • A protein made by the immune system that is specific to an antigen. When an antibody detects this antigen in the body, it will start an immune response to rid the body of the antigen

31. Bioinformatics • The generation/creation, collection, storage (in databases), and efficient use of data/information from genomics from biological research to accomplish an objective (for example, to discover a new pharmaceutical or a new herbicide).

32. Biosensor • An electronic device that uses biological molecules to detect low levels of substances like proteins in the body or pollutants in water

33. Bioremediation • The use of organisms, usually microorganisms, to break down pollutants in soil, air or groundwater.

34. Bioterrorism • The use of bacteria, viruses or toxins with the intent of causing harm to people, animals or food to achieve certain political, religious or ideological goals through intimidation

35. Bioethics (and biomedical ethics) • A discipline that studies the ethical implications of biological applications

36. Cancer • A disease where cells grow out of control, often developing a tumour. Cancer cells can spread to other areas of the body and interrupt normal processes.

37. Cloning • The process of creating a genetically identical copy (clone) of an animal or plant. Cloning is the process of making copies of a specific piece of DNA, usually a gene. There are two recognized forms of cloning related to humans -- reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. When geneticists speak of cloning, they do not usually mean the process of making genetically identical copies of an entire organism

38. Complementary DNA (cDNA) • DNA synthesized from a messenger RNA rather than from a DNA template. This type of DNA is used for cloning or as a DNA probe for finding specific genes.

39. Diagnostics / Diagnostic products • A test, drug, medical device or kit used to diagnose a disease or medical condition

40. E. coli (Escherichia coli) • A bacterium found in the intestinal tracts of most vertebrates. It is used extensively in recombinant DNA research because it has been genetically well characterized.

41. Fermentation • A process of growing microorganisms to produce various chemical or pharmaceutical compounds. Microbes are usually incubated under specific conditions in large tanks called fermenters. Fermentation is a specific type of bioprocessing

42. Food biotechnology • The application of biotechnology to the production of food

43. Gene therapy • An evolving technique used to treat genetic diseases. The medical procedure involves replacing, manipulating or supplementing non-functional genes with healthy genes so that they can function normally

44. In vitro • Describes a biological process that takes place in a laboratory instead of in a living cell or organism

45. In vivo • Describes a biological process that takes place in a living cell or organism

46. In vitro fertilization • A procedure to help infertile couples conceive. Eggs are removed from the woman and fertilized with the man's sperm in the laboratory. Fertilized eggs can then be transferred to the woman's uterus to try to establish a pregnancy or they can be frozen for future use

47. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) • A laboratory method used to make many copies of a DNA fragment in minutes using an enzyme called polymerase

48. Restriction enzyme • An enzyme used to cut DNA at specific sites. The resulting fragments can then be spliced together to form recombinant DNA, which can be separated out on a gel or inserted into a plasmid

49. موفق باشین