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** Major minerals:

** Major minerals:. @ calcium :. 10- 30 % of ca in diet is absorbed -absorption of ca take place in small intestine especially in acidic media of duodenum -** factors increasing ca absorption : 1- vit D hormone : - consider as control agent of ca absorption

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** Major minerals:

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  1. ** Major minerals:

  2. @ calcium : • 10- 30 % of ca in diet is absorbed • -absorption of ca take place in small intestine especially in acidic media of duodenum • -** factors increasing ca absorption : • 1- vit D hormone : • - consider as control agent of ca absorption • - vit D carry ca in the duodenum to mucosa of cell then to blood circulation

  3. 2- body need : • -growth • -state of hypocalcaemia • -pregnancy • -lactation • More ca is absorbed

  4. 3-diatery protein & CHO : • - greater percentage of ca is absorbed when the diet is high in protein • -lactose enhances ca absorption through the action of lactobacilli which produce lactic acid & lower intestinal pH • 4- acidity : • - acidic media of intestine enhance ca absorption

  5. ** factors decreasing ca absorption : • vit D deficiency • dietary fat : excess fat decrease ca absorption • fiber & other binding agent • alkalinity : decrease ca absorption in alkaline media • N.B : in elderly person & post menopausal women the ability to absorb ca is reduced

  6. ** ca output : • 70-90 % of ca remains to be eliminated in the feces,small amount of ca may be excreted in the urine • - daily requirement of ca 200mg \ day • ** ca in the bone : • 99% of ca storage in bone & teeth • ** ca in the blood : • 1% of ca circulate in the blood & other body fluid

  7. **control agent of ca balance : • parathyroid hormone : • -release PTH to maintain normal level of ca • -stimulate intestinal mucosa for ca absorption • -stimulate kidney to excrete phosphorous • 2- vit D hormone . • 3-calcitonin : special C cell in the thyroid gland ,it prevent abnormal rise in serum ca

  8. ** functions of ca : • bone formation • tooth formation • general metabolic function • blood clotting • nerve stimulation • muscle contraction & relaxation • cell membrane permeability • enzyme activation

  9. ** clinical problems : • tetany : decrease ca • rickets • osteomalachia • osteoporosis • hypercalcemia ,renal stone • food source of ca : milk ,cheese egg ,green vegetables , nut ,grains

  10. ** phosphorous : • 1% of total body weight • closely associated with ca ,called metabolic twin • absorbed in the jejunum • ph found in bone ,blood ,& cells • ph under control of PTH& vit D

  11. ** physiological function of ph : • bone & tooth formation • general metabolic activity • absorption of glucose & glycerol • transport of fatty acid ,phospholipids • energy metabolism ( ATP) • buffer system [ control acid –base balance in the blood

  12. ** hypophosphatemia : • celiac disease • rickets • osteomalachia • hyperparathyroidism • symptom include muscle weakness

  13. ** hyperphosphatemia : • Renal disease • Hypoparathyrodism • food source : milk & milk product ,lean meat

  14. *sodium : • -absorbed through small intestine • -excreted through kidney under effect of aldestrone hormone • ** physiological function of Na : • water balance . • acid base balance • cell permeability • muscle action • food source : salt used in cooking ,milk ,meat ,egg, carrot

  15. ** potassium : • -mainly found inside the cell • -has significant effect on muscle activity especially heart muscle • -absorbed in small intestine • -excreted through kidney

  16. ** physiological function of K : • water ,acid base balance • muscle activity • CHO metabolism • Protein synthesis • Food source : grains ,fruit banana orange ,green vegetables

  17. **manganese : • Mg present in all body cell • -has role in energy production & build tissue • -it also aid in normal muscle action • - found in fruit ,nut ,grain • ** chloride : • out side of the cell • help in control water acid –base balance • highest concentration in the spinal fluid • found in HCL hydro choleric acid

  18. Trace element • ** Iron : • 45 mg \ Kg body weight . • Enter information of hemoglobin . • Storage mainly in the liver ,spleen ,& bone marrow . • Excess iron storage called hemosidrosis . • Absorbed in acidic media of the stomach .

  19. factors increased absorption of iron : • 1- body need : during growth period [ pregnancy ,lactation ,childhood ] • 2-acidic media : vit c aid in absorption of iron • 3- calcium • *factors decrease iron absorption : • 1- substance as phosphate ,tea ,coffee • 2- reduce gastric acid secretion • 3- infection • 4 –GIT disease as malabsorption

  20. physiological function of iron : • oxygen transport • cellular oxidation to produce energy . • growth need • ** iron deficiency anemia may be : • nutritional anemia ,inadequate supply of iron

  21. hemorrhagic anemia ,excessive iron blood loss. • Post gastrectomy anemia • Malabsorption anemia • Chronic disease anemia [ arthritis ] • *source of iron in food : liver ,egg ,vegetables ,cereals ,flour ,bread

  22. ** Iodine • -participate in synthesis of thyroxin hormone • - 20% on iodine in thyroid gland • -absorbed in small intestine in form of iodide ,go to blood stream ,join with protein to thyroid gland & other tissue

  23. * physiological function of iodine : • 1- thyroid hormone synthesis • 2- plasma thyroxin : carry iodine in plasma protein to body cell [ muscle ,skin ,skeletal tissue ] • - hypothyroidism : decrease thyroxin hormone , creationism in children ,myexdema in adult . • - goiter is an enlargement of thyroid gland with decrease function . • \\ food source of iodine is sea food

  24. ** Zink : • -stored in pancreas , liver ,kidney ,lung ,muscle ,bone , prostate . • * deficiency of Zink lead to : • 1- hypogonadism : decrease function of gonads • 2-taste & smell defect • 3-decrease wound healing • 4-chronic illness in aging [ reduce immune function ] • 5- malabsorption disease . • - food source : sea food ,meat ,egg .

  25. ** Copper : • iron twin • act on energy production • deficiency occur with total parentral nutrition • found in liver ,seafood ,nuts ,seeds

  26. ** Manganese : • stored in liver ,bone ,pancreas ,pituitary • important in metabolic reaction . • deficiency of manganese in D.M • source : plant food ,cereal ,grains ,nuts ,tea ,coffee , vegetables

  27. ** Fluoride : • found in bone & teeth . • deficiency of this substance lead to dental caries . • fish & fish product & tea contain the highest concentration of fluoride . • fluoridation of public water is very important

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