Damage and Loss Assessment: The Cultural Heritage Sector Developed by a Team including:

1. Florence (Italy). The city centre was flooded in 1966, immense damage and loss to the city’s heritage. After more than 40 years, conservation works are still ongoing. Damage and Loss Assessment: The Cultural Heritage Sector Developed by a Team including: Guido Licciardi, TTL, Urban Specialist, The World Bank Isabelle Marie Cyr, Expert, Beijing Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering Stefania Abakerli, Reviewer, Urban Development Planner, The World Bank

2. Contents • Definition of cultural heritage • Typical effects of disasters • Damage and loss assessment procedure • Inputs for macro-economic impact assessment • Sources of information Arg-e-Bam (Iran). The old town ruined by the 2003 earthquake. This historic core, a main tourism attraction, was the economic engine of the city.

3. Shibam (Yemen). The old town damaged by floods in 2008. This historic city has a huge potential for local economic development. Definition of Cultural Heritage

4. Definition of Cultural Heritage (UNESCO) • “Cultural heritage”  designates a monument, group of buildings, site or expressions of traditional, living, historical, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnological, or anthropological value. It encompasses main categories of heritage : • Cultural heritage • Tangible cultural heritage:  . movable cultural heritage (paintings, sculptures, coins, manuscripts)  . immovable cultural heritage (monuments, archaeological sites)  . underwater cultural heritage (shipwrecks, underwater ruins and cities) • Intangible cultural heritage (oral traditions, performing arts, rituals, social practices, rituals, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe, traditional craftsmanship which communities, groups and individuals acknowledge as part of their heritage) • Natural heritage (natural sites with cultural aspects such as cultural landscapes, physical, biological or geological formations)

5. Definition of Cultural Heritage for DaLA • For purposes of a DaLA, the cultural heritage sector will focus mainly on tangible cultural heritage and natural heritage assets considered worthy of conservation and with potential to generate economic flows. • Because of their nature, intangible cultural heritage is more difficult to quantify in any DaLA, and should therefore be limited to annual or recurring cultural events, such as carnivals, music festivals, performances, fairs, or alike, without going further. • Cultural heritage to be assessed in DaLA includes: - Cultural structures, sites, and assets, - Culture-related facilities, and - Natural heritage.

6. Why Should Cultural Heritage Be Part of DaLA? • Cultural Heritage plays a significant role for its capacity to attract investments, such as for tourism, as a source of local employment as well as identity and pride of a given society. Port-au-Prince (Haiti). The Cathedral ruined by the 2010 earthquake. This used to be a major asset that generated revenues before the disaster.

7. Cultural Structures, Sites, and Assets • Historic monuments and buildings • Vernacular historic buildings and monuments • Archaeological sites including underwater archaeological sites • Historic districts, in rural or urban areas • Modern heritage buildings and sites • Facilities of thematic heritage trails and cultural routes • Places of worship (can also include open air, theatres, and stadium) and pilgrimage places • Industrial heritage sites, not used for productive purposes anymore • Battlefields • Infrastructure with historical character (bridge, aqueduct, tunnel, dam, port facilities) • Historic or vernacular movable assets often located in buildings other then museum, library or church, including artifacts and works of art, collections, and objects of historic or vernacular value

8. Culture-Related Facilities • Museums • Archives, collections • Cultural centers • Theatres • Public libraries • Cultural centers and areas of worship in indigenous or traditional communities or areas (historic districts) • Artisan and craft communities • Vocational training centers Natural Heritage • Wilderness areas • Recreational parks • National parks • Scenic landscapes • Historical or botanical gardens

9. New Orleans (United States). The historic city flooded in 2005. The city’s economy was based on its attractive heritage before the disaster. Typical Effects of Disasters on Cultural Heritage

10. Typical Effects of Disasters on Cultural Heritage • In cases of disasters, the cultural heritage sector sustains: Damage to structures, sites and assets Losses in its economic flows during the period of time required for recovery and reconstruction. • Destruction of historic or vernacular buildings or irreplaceable assets which have survived for centuries are hard to be measured purely in monetary terms. • Damage estimates will provide an initial indicator of reconstruction requirements; and • Losses will represent the reduction or decline in economic activity and public and private income. • The negative impact of a disaster on cultural heritage is reflected in the country’s foreign exchange earnings, through possible reduction in visits to or businesses relating to heritage assets or districts and associated government revenues.

11. Quirigua (Guatemala). This archaeological park was flooded in 2010. Before the disaster, it was a significant source of income for the local community. Damage and Loss Assessment Procedure

12. General Principles • Estimation of damage and loss should be analyzedbyownership, public, private or communal. • A team of urban planners, conservation experts, structural engineers, and architects familiar with traditional/vernacular and ancient construction methods is required for the assessment of damage in this sector; economists are required for the estimation of losses. Wood Buffalo National Park (Canada). A World Heritage Site. Natural parks are constantly threatened by uncontrolled fire. Natural heritage absorbs CO2, but releases it when burning.

13. Baseline Data • The following baseline information is required for each heritage structure, site or asset, including culture-related and intangible cultural heritage items: • Specific characteristics: location, type (e.g., archeological site), ownership (e.g., private, public, or communal), size, estimated value, historical background information, etc.; • Description and quantities of the typical furniture, equipment and other goods in use in each asset; • Statistical data on revenues generated (entry fees, taxes collected); • Projectionof the above for the current and for the two subsequent calendar years; • Financial information on private groups operating or providing services in the sector (including monthly operational data on revenues); and • Financial information on community groups operating or providing services in the sector (including monthly operational data on revenues).

14. Damage Assessment • Damages must be estimated for each individual structure or asset due to the highly heterogeneous nature of this sector’s elements. The variety and uniqueness of the sector requires site-by-site and item-by-item assessments. • Direct repair, restoration, or replacement costs are also to be estimated on an individual basis. • Furnishing and equipment costs must be estimated following the same criteria as for the housing sector, duly adapted for application to each cultural building or historic item. • Damage is measured in physical terms and is subsequently converted into monetary units in terms of repair, restoration, or replacement costs of the affected and destroyed assets.

15. Damage Assessment

16. Loss Assessment • The duration of reconstruction period will be determinant to the scale of losses. • Losses will occur over the time period required to achieve a full restoration of premises, repair of damaged assets, and reopening of heritage sites and cultural infrastructure. • Losses normally include: the costs of providing temporary rescue and emergency measures in order to prevent further damages, and the loss of revenues linked to the temporary closing of some facilities, such as the income lost from tickets sales and donations.

17. Historic Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (India). Damaged by a landslide in 2007, one year later, the situation was even worse. This infrastructure used to help people travel and to attract visitors from all over the world. Inputs for Macro-Economic Impact Assessment

18. Inputs for Macro-Economic Impact Assessment • Value of the imported components of heritage building restoration costs (comprising material, machinery, expertise and equipment) that are not produced locally and must be imported from abroad; • Estimated share of the central government in the costs of the temporary protection measures, and the cost of adequate demolition or debris removal, to be used for fiscal budget impact analysis; • Estimated value and timeframe of the revenues losses expressed in current values, which the private and public sectors will incur while heritage assets are repaired or rebuilt, to be used by the economist for the GDP impact estimation; • Estimated corresponding values and time frame of foreign exchange losses due to the temporary absence of visitors to heritage sites, for use in balance of payment analysis;

19. Inputs for Macro-Economic Impact Assessment • As a result of insurance for damage to, or destruction of buildings and goods in the sector, the insured portion by overseas companies must be taken into account, and referred to as an increase in foreign currency income. This is especially important in the case of works, items and collections of high historic and cultural value. To estimate this item, the specialist must consult with local insurance companies; • Estimated loss of revenues incurred by the private and public sectors for heritage assets that have been fully destroyed, to be used by the macro-economist for the estimation of GDP impact; • Impact on employment, by making personnel of affected institutions or community groups unemployed for relatively long periods. The number of positions temporarily or permanently lost is to be estimated; the sector specialist must cooperate closely with the employment specialist; • Estimated value of temporary decline in government or communal revenues corresponding to the decline in heritage site access taxes, and others associated revenues for the analysis of fiscal impact;

20. Inputs for Macro-Economic Impact Assessment • Estimated value and timeframe of the information and promotion campaigns to regain foreign tourists’ trust; and • Cost of government’s expected share in the financing of information and promotion campaigns, for the fiscal analysis. Leptis Magna (Libya). This stunning heritage asset sustains a nearby village. Every year, it is being damaged by floods due to poorly controlled water management of a seasonal river (wadi).

21. Hue (Vietnam). The historic city damaged by a typhoon in 2009. This unique urban heritage housed thousands of local people and attracted even more before the disaster. Sources of Information

22. Sources of Information • International (in case of a World Heritage Site or City, or sites on the Tentative List), National, or Local Registers of such historical places and items, or be found in recent census or surveys on heritage or cultural tourism, or be provided by national tourism sector authorities, or even local or international tour operators. • The Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Planning, the local urban planning department, Ministry of Tourism or the local tourist bureau, national trusts and other entities supporting cultural or heritage properties, and/or organizations interested in maintaining cultural heritage assets can also provide some of this information. • Local communities and expert organizations shall also be consulted particularly regarding any vernacular heritage and assets, which tend to be unlisted and not officially registered.