Welcome to Sociology 240 Social Welfare

1. Welcome to Sociology 240Social Welfare

2. Agenda • Syllabus Questions? • Discuss Readings • How this course fits into the HS concentration • What is the Welfare State? • Who uses welfare to survive?

3. Part of The Human Services Sequence • Soc 240 Social Welfare –How Society Helps People in Need (focus on using data to analyze different approaches) • Soc 341 Human Services Caseload Management –How You Personally Might Help People in Need (focus on internship and database technology) • Soc 402 Policy Analysis and Program Evaluation –You Design a Program to Help People in Need (focus on evaluating if it works)

4. Introduction Chapter Introduction Politics, Rationalism, and Social Welfare Policy

5. Social Welfare Policy Anything a government chooses to do or not do that affects quality of life of its people. Such as… Public Assistance- In order to receive it, people must be poor Social Insurance-people must pay into the program Social Services- such as counseling, education, programs for disabled

6. Definitions: • Throughout this nation’s history, those who must bear the brunt of social problems – individuals contending with poverty, discrimination and disease – have depended in considerable measure not only on their personal and familial tenacity and on community supports but also on the policies of public and nonpublic agencies and of federal, state, and local governments. (Jansson, p1) • Welfare state – • Government enacts measures to protect workers and families from harsh effects of system—basis of current U.S. government assistance (Cherlin 2005) • welfare states or social welfare policy, • typically refers to the efforts of states (i.e. governments) to address economic insecurity and inequality due to risks to regular income. (Amenta et. al.)

7. risks to regular income. How does this occur? Requires an understanding of our economic system.

8. Economic Context of a Welfare State: Monopoly Game • Capitalist economy • People pass go get $200 –symbolize working • What happens when people must keep going around board (living) but cannot work (don’t collect $200)? • Have to pay others, get bankrupt, go to jail, homelessness (Housing Policy) • Starve? (Food Stamps) • Perhaps even revolt? (Piven and Cloward) • If independently wealthy and own a lot of property, will still make money, won’t be that bad off. http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/images/monopoly-board.png

9. risks to regular income Social Context of a Welfare State • What types of things might make a person not able to work and collect that $200? • Injury, Disability • Sickness • Death of Relative, need to assume new roles • Caregiving responsibility • Women expected to remain in home (historically based) • Racism, exclusion from a job • Old Age • Lay-Offs http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/images/monopoly-board.png

10. Exactly how we as a society help those in need (and who we consider deserving of help) has changed over time…

11. The Vast transition from Beggars to victims…. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/08/obama-jobs-plan-my-turn-into-campaign-issue/1 Nobless Oblige, Robber Barron Philanthropy, not until the Great Depression (and 2008’s economic crisis) did everyone seem vulnerable http://www.castle-vidcons.com/2008/05/13/comic-25-alms-for-the-poor/ http://www.alliance1.org/newvoices/History.pdf http://webserver.lemoyne.edu/~ridzifm/fmridzi_files/Social%20Welfare%20S04.htm http://www.cottesimple.com/alms_purse/luttrell_purse_alms.htm

12. What is a Social Problem? • Poverty • Discrimination • Disease • Who has often experienced a disproportionate burden of social problems? (Jansson and DiNitto&Johnson p2) • African Americans • Older persons • Women • Native Americans • Latinos • Gay Men and lesbians • Children • Persons with chronic physical disabilities • Persons with psychiatric disorders • Persons accused of violating laws From The New Yorker Sociologist’s Book of Cartoons2004

13. Left off 8-31-17

15. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2017/income-povery.htmlhttps://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2017/income-povery.html

16. Agenda • How is Social Welfare Policy Made? Ideal vs. Reality • What is the policy making process? • I’m just a bill. • What puts these Policies in place? • Janson’s Policy Documents • How is policy making influenced by ideology, agenda setting, and special interests? • Issue Attention Cycle • Ideology Ideal Types • Financing the Welfare State- Taxes and Transfer Payments • You have been participating since your first pay check • As a result, how is our welfare state different from other nations?

17. ReCap- Ideal Rational Vs Reality • Patchwork -Ways Policy is created • Janson’s Policy Documents • What is the policy making process? • I’m just a bill. • Short Attention Span • Issue Attention Cycle • Political -How is policy making influenced by ideology, agenda setting, and special interests? • Ideology Ideal Types • What are we left with? – the budget • You have been participating since your first pay check • As a result, how is our welfare state different from other nations?

18. Ideally, Social welfare policy is a rational process. • Identify a social problem • Weigh values of society • Consider alternative policies • Understand costs and benefits of alternatives • Calculate ratio of costs to benefits • Choose policy that maximizes net value (i.e. greatest benefit at lowest cost) https://faculty.unlv.edu/ccochran/HCA452_652/Agenda_and_legislation.html

19. I’m just a bill. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyeJ55o3El0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyeJ55o3El0

20. The Process https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/PublishingImages/ideaToLaw1000x525.png

21. Publicized demands for government action can lead to Identifying policy problems. Formulating policy proposals occur(s) through political channels by policy planning organizations, interest groups, government bureaucracies, state legislatures, and the president and Congress. The Process https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/PublishingImages/ideaToLaw1000x525.png

22. Ideally, Social welfare policy is a rational process.- But there are critiques! Charles E. Lindblom suggested we are less rational (critiqued it) and more “incremental”- start from existing policies (not the problem) and try to tweak them • Policy Punctuations - not necessarily problems, but rather crisis situations spark congress to act. Such as: • The stock market crash of 1929 • The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 • The major economic crisis in the fall of 2008 Simon’s notion of bounded rationality means that policymakers consider a limited number of alternatives, estimate the consequences, and select an alternative. “Satisficing” Selection of solutions may not be rational but rather Political. Policy emerges as the government regulates conflict by: Establishing and enforcing general rules by which conflict is carried on, Arranging compromises and balancing interests in public policy and Imposing settlements that the parties to a dispute must accept https://faculty.unlv.edu/ccochran/HCA452_652/Agenda_and_legislation.html James Madison (4th president) believed the cause of conflict is found in Unequal distribution of property. So Class differences are the root cause of conflict. hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for being instrumental in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution and as the key champion and author of the Bill of Rights. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison

23. Why is it less than Rational? • Patchwork (Jansson Activity) • Short Attention Span • Political (ideology activity)

24. Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Social Policy Strategy • Constitutions • Public policies • Court decisions • Budget and spending programs • Stated or implied objectives • Rules, Procedures, and Regulations • (Evaluation)?

25. Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Social Policy Strategy • Stations around the Room: • U.S. Constitution • Americans with Disabilities Act or ADEA • Affirmative Action Michigan Case • Presidential Budget • Preamble to PRWORA • NYS TANF Manual • MDRC Book

26. For Each: • 1. Identify it. • 2. What is it about, what does it do? • 3. Which of the 6 aspects Jansson identifies is it? Hint I added a 7th. • 4.Why is it important to overall social policy.

27. Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Social Policy Strategy • Constitutions • Public policies • Court decisions • Budget and spending programs • Stated or implied objectives • Rules, Procedures, and Regulations • (Evaluation)?

28. Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Social Policy Strategy • Constitutions • what the federal gvt can and cannot do • Public policies • legislation or acts of congress • Court decisions • overrule, uphold, or interpret legislation • Budget and spending programs • what initiatives actually get $

29. Jansson’s 6 Aspects of Social Policy Strategy • Stated or implied objectives • preamble to laws convey purposes • Rules, Procedures, and Regulations • tell agency staff how to implement • (Evaluation)? • Tells policy makers what works

30. Agenda • Financing the Welfare State- Taxes and Transfer Payments • You have been participating since your first pay check • What puts these Taxes and Transfer Payments in place? • Janson’s Policy Documents • What is the policy making process? • I’m just a bill. • How is policy making influenced by ideology, agenda setting, and special interests? • Issue Attention Cycle • Ideology Ideal Types • As a result, how is our welfare state different from other nations?

31. Why is it less than Rational? • Patchwork (Jansson Activity) • Short Attention Span • Political (ideology activity)

32. Political ideology is a driving force in agenda setting. Nondecision making occurs when influential individuals or groups act to prevent the emergence of challenges to their own interests in society. https://desertbeacon.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/issueattentioncycles_thumb.jpg?w=235&h=244

33. Why is it less than Rational? • Patchwork (Jansson Activity) • Short Attention Span • Political (ideology activity)

34. Political ideology is a driving force in agenda setting. Ideal Types • Libertarians- government hands off • Conservatives • Liberals-often want the government to do much more to promote distributive justice • Radicals • 8 grps of 3 or 4, guess ideology then unite a’s and b’s to see if they match and decide on final answer.

35. 1a A CONSERVATIVE PERSPECTIVE “MY CONCLUSION IS …[THAT] IN ADDITION TO ITS STRONG MORAL BASE IN PERSONAL FREEDOM, CAPITALISM AND COMPETITIVE MARKETS WORK TO DELIVER SUBSTANTIAL ECONOMIC PROGRESS;…BUREAUCRATIC WELFARE STATE[S] DO NOT WORK. THEY SAP INDIVIDUAL INCENTIVE, INITIATIVE AND CREATIVITY AND ULTIMATELY CANNOT DELIVER SUFFICIENTLY RISING STANDARDS OF LIVING TO MEET THE EXPECTATIONS OF THEIR CITIZENS….” MICHAEL BOSKIN CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS DURING THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION • Source: Katz MSU

36. 1b CONSERVATIVES • XXX’s argue that, especially in its more advanced European forms, the WS has become a dangerous anachronism. By requiring high taxes, the WS deprives society of needed investment resources and saddles employers with workers who feel that they are “owed” a living---by the state if not by the boss! • XXX’s concede that the WS may once have been fiscally tolerable (if never politically or economically desirable) but argue that it should now be dismantled because its extravagances are unsustainable in our age of intensified global competition. Indeed advanced nations that continue to adhere to old-style “welfarism” risk permanent inferiority within the emerging postindustrial division of labor. • XXX’s believe, that federal government in welfare is not good, however, involvement in international policy and in supporting business through subsidies etc. is good. • Source: Katz MSU

37. 2 a A LIBERAL PERSPECTIVE “I’m often asked if I’m a XXX, and I say, ‘Well, if Jack Kennedy was a XXX or… Franklin Roosevelt was a XXX, then I’m a XXX.’ This is not 1960, and it’s not 1932. We’re in a completely different world than then. But I believe in opportunity, and I believe in…fairness. The only way this country prospers is if everybody is sharing in the prosperity. I think my party has uniquely stood for that…,where government can be an active partner with the private sector in moving the country forward….” RICHARD GEPHARDT DEMOCRATIC LEADER, US HOUSE OF REPRESENATIVES. • Source: Katz MSU

38. 2 b LIBERALS • XXX support a moderately high level of social services, but tend to favor equality of opportunity more than equality of social condition. They do believe that society has a duty to help the poor and oppressed, and to make appropriate arrangements for the young and elderly, but they would not go as far as social democrats and other radicals in the pursuit of these goals. • Many XXX also believe that the educated elite should lead society and that the power of rational persuasion (“ideas” again) are sufficient to convince voters of the moral correctness of their aims; they are thus “idealists” in the strictly philosophical sense of the term. • The dominant political ideology during certain periods of 20th century American history, classic reform XXX reached its high tide during the Johnson years (1963 - 68). While still strongly supported by minorities, intellectuals, femininists, and various other groups, XXX has essentially been on the defensive ever since. Indeed, the “X” word is now often shunned even by XXX’s themselves, who are afraid of alienating voters. Many XXX’s accordingly now prefer to be called “progressives.” That has not increased their electoral popularity, however. • Source: Katz MSU

39. 3 a A RADICAL PERSPECTIVE “THE CENTRAL QUESTION…IS WHETHER AND UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES THE CLASS DIVISIONS AND SOCIAL INEQUALITIES PRODUCED BY CAPITALISM CAN BE UNDONE BY [LEGISLATIVE] DEMOCRACY.” GOSTA ESPING-ANDERSEN RADICAL WELFARE STATE ANALYST • Source: Katz MSU

40. 3 b RADICALS • To understand the WS, XX’s contend you must first understand the relative political strength of the principal classes (“forces”) in capitalist society:---on the one hand, the asset-owning rich (“capitalists”) and the top managers who work directly for them; on the other, ordinary wage - dependent workers in potential political alliance with the “new middle class” of technical/professional workers. • Distinct social classes can have distinctly different perceptions of their interests and, hence, different attitudes towards social welfare programs and the Welfare State. Blue-collar workers may well look to the WS for socially – financed protections against the uncertainties of life under capitalism, whereas owners see the WS as blocking their quest for a “free market” system in which worker resistance & government intervention are minimized. • XX’s thus view politics largely in terms of coalition-building, since failure to form such alliances means that, as in the US, the WS is likely to be limited. • Source: Katz MSU

41. 4 a A LIBERTARIAN PERSPECTIVE IMAGINE AN AMERICA WHERE CHILDREN HAVE ACCESS TO A BROAD SPECTRUM OF WORLD-CLASS EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES. WHERE SCHOOLS SPARK THE IMAGINATION AND TEACH THE FUNDAMENTALS— CONSISTENT WITH YOUR VALUES. IMAGINE AN AMERICA WHERE POLITICIANS DON’T DOLE OUT BILLIONS OF TAX DOLLARS TO WEALTHY COMPANIES LIKE GENERAL MOTORS, AT&T, AND EXXON. WHERE THE RICH NEVER GET RICHER WITH YOUR TAX MONEY. IS THAT THE KIND OF AMERICA YOU WANT TO LIVE IN?…. IT’S TIME TO KICK RONALD MCDONALD OFF WELFARE. THE RED-HAIRED CLOWN IS THE MASCOT FOR MCDONALDS -THE FAST-FOOD CORPORATION THAT RUNS 30,000 RESTAURANTS IN 121 COUNTRIES AND EARNS $40 BILLION A YEAR IN REVENUE. BUT EVEN AS MCDONALDS RAKES IN MASSIVE PROFITS, IT’S ALSO CASHING WELFARE CHECKS FROM THE GOVERNMENT. A FEW YEARS AGO, POLITICIANS GAVE THE CORPORATION $1.6 MILLION TO HELP IT ADVERTISE BIG MACS IN EUROPE....IT’S CALLED CORPORATE WELFARE, AND IT’S HOW DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN POLITICIANS ENRICH THEIR BIG-BUSINESS FRIENDS — AT TAXPAYERS’ EXPENSE. Libertarian Viewpoint Newsletter, Issue 1 Volume 1. Source: http://www.lp.org/services/files/libviewpdf.pdf

42. 4 b LIBERTARIANS • Because of their emphasis on free markets, many XX are called conservative. But XX also think people should be free to pursue "sex, drugs, and rock & roll," if that's what they want to do. This live-and-let-live attitude makes XX very difficult to pigeonhole in the traditional left-right paradigm. • As one publication explains: [THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE SAYS]“GOVERNMENTS ARE INSTITUTED AMONG MEN, DERIVING THEIR JUST POWERS FROM THE CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED...” NOTE WHAT COMES FIRST:YOUR UNALIENABLE RIGHTS. THE GOVERN-MENT FOLLOWS. TODAY, THAT EQUATION HAS BEEN REVERSED. TOO FREQUENTLY, THE GOVERNMENT COMES FIRST. AND OUR “UNALIENABLE RIGHTS” COME SECOND. OR NOT AT ALL. XXX’S ARE WORKING TO CHANGE THAT. IN FACT, WE HAVE SOME BOLD, INNOVATIVE IDEAS ABOUT HOW TO START BUILDING A BETTER AMERICA. Source: http://www.lp.org/services/files/libviewpdf.pdf

43. Additional Actors • Centrists believe that political partisanship and polarization have prevented compromise that could result in more effective public policy. • Special interest groups • are a staple of the political landscape and they do their best to influence the political agenda either directly or indirectly. • The different views of the Mass media are influential and powerful in political agenda setting. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k-KAVnsXxmI/Tq_W-dfju1I/AAAAAAAACHU/pX08XyRohgE/s1600/special-interest-groups.gif http://www.usnews.com/dims4/USNEWS/6962bab/2147483647/thumbnail/620x413%3E/quality/85/?url=%2Fcmsmedia%2Ff2%2F015c6f5f18df9972f0d2f0e91dc144%2F51636EC_140106_ohman.jpg

44. ReCap- Ideal Rational Vs Reality • Patchwork -Ways Policy is created • Janson’s Policy Documents • What is the policy making process? • I’m just a bill. • Short Attention Span • Issue Attention Cycle • Political -How is policy making influenced by ideology, agenda setting, and special interests? • Ideology Ideal Types • What are we left with? – the budget • You have been participating since your first pay check • As a result, how is our welfare state different from other nations?

45. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/2014-taxreceipt http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/04/15/your-taxpayer-receipt

48. Do your own tax receipt and use it as a guide to the rest of the course. • http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/04/15/your-taxpayer-receipt • I will ask you when we look at each section what percent of your tax bill goes to it.

49. These are taxes to yourself – to pay for your personal insurance Implementing public policy occurs through the activities of public bureaucracies and the expenditure of public funds.

50. SCHIP Prescriptions for seniors FDA CDC UI Food Stamps HUD EITC SSI Earned income tax credit is a special tax rebate paid to low-income workers through the Internal Revenue Service. As we will discuss, federal employees and railroad employees don’t participate in social security. “Welfare” Public School College Loans One Stop Centers VESID