Class 7: New Look II

1. Class 7: New Look II

2. QUIZ 1 THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28 Covers Class 1 (Gestalt Roots) up to and including Class 9 (New Look II—Unconscious Processes) 15-20 Multiple-choice questions. Some are detailed: Read the readings. Study PowerPoints. All items from PowerPoints.

3. Suppression and Reactions to Unusual Others Langer et al., 1976 Ss have one-on-one encounter with one of three people: Before encounter, Ss can / can’t secretly stare at partner DV -- Sitting distance from partner Pregnant Unimpaired Handicapped

4. Suppression and Reactions to Unusual Others Langer et al., 1976, continued

5. What Are They Thinking? What are their motives? What are their emotions? What do they see? What do they choose not to see? What is conscious? What is unconscious?

6. "The Unconscious" Is a Misnomer Drew Weston (1999). The Scientific Status of Unconscious Processes Classic view of unconscious: Iceberg, with unified mass under surface Current view: Many kinds of unconsciousness, for each kind of cognition. Memory Unconscious: Procedural, Associative Motivational unconscious Emotional unconscious

7. Unconscious Memory: Procedural Automatic, over-learned behavior. Requires no conscious attention Disrupted by conscious attention People cannot accurately describe how they perform behavior.

8. Unconscious Associative Memory Time 1 Learning Phase Poodle Fetch Fleas Kennel Bark Collar Time 2 Recognition Phase House ___Yes ___No Apple ___ Yes ___ No Dog ___ Yes ___ No Tree ___ Yes ___ No Taxi : Cab "Please spell [phare]" "OK: F-A-R-E" [But "FAIR" is more common.] X X X Relevance to social behaviors? To maladaptive social habits and attitudes? To "transference"? X

9. Unconscious Affect (Emotions) Korsakoff's Patients Damaged hippocampus Massive memory loss Can't form new memories "HM" : Visits mom in hospital. No recall of seeing mom. BUT, vague sense something happened to mom, which suggests what? Expt: Kors. Pats. read about nice character / not nice character. 20 days later, asked to recall facts of characters. X Indicates what? Remember facts? ___ Y ___ N Which character preferred? Social Relevance: Do you know why you immediately like/dislike/fear/pity someone you never met before? How related to HM, Korsakoff's stories?

10. Psychoanalytic Processes and Emotional Unconscious Perceptual Defense AND Perceptual Vigilance (Blum, 1954) Psych. Threat and Perceptual Defense (McGinnis, 1949) WORD OR NON-WORD? Givle Taboo words vs. Leaf Neutral words Flish Rape DVs are RT and GSR Desk Vosin Which have longer RT? Incest Which higher GSR? Ss see neutral or threat images Images showed at slow rate or at near-subliminal rate. Slower speed, which is more easily perceived? Supports what phenom? __Defense __ Vigilance At higher speed, which more easily perceived? Supports what phenom? __ Defense __ Vigilance X X

11. Physical Costs of Emotional Defense Illusory Mental Health: People who are unaware of their own emotional stress. Ss identified as being unconsciously distressed, based on memory descriptions Claimed they were psychologically troubled (Concordant) Claimed they were psychologically untroubled (Discordant) Ss undergo mild stressor (e.g., read out loud, projective stories) Cardiac reactivity to stressor is higher for ___ Concordant ___ Discordant X Illusory Mental Health also associated with: More MD Visits More displays of distress (stuttering) Repressive Coping Style: Report low anxiety, bodies highly reactive. Show high cholesterol, asthma, cancer vulnerability, immune-related ailments.

12. Unconscious Motives Thematic Apperception Task (TAT) Correl. between TAT and self-report is low. Indicates? Which predicts short term motivation better? Which predicts long-term career outcomes better? You would like to be a: ___ Leader ___ Follower ___ In charge ___ Meeting expectations [OVERALL MEASURE OF NEED FOR POWER] Self Report TAT

13. Choices Based on Feelings Vs. Reason Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84(3), 231. "Wagner's music is better than it sounds" Mark Twain A B Give 5 reasons why you like Painting A and Painting B OR Pick the painting you like better Take home favored painting. 5 weeks later, rate how much you now like painting? At 5 weeks, which group happier with choice? Those who picked w/o thinking. Why?

14. Greenwald: Is Uncons. Smart or Dumb? Unconscious does exist Operates at simple level: dumb, not smart Techniques to investigate unc. * Subliminal activation (M & I = 1) * Selective attention (dichotic listening) Findings * Unc. affects memory: "mere exposure" * Unc. affects learning: grammar, co- variation rules. * Implicit memory—amnesiacs and pin-prick Conclusion: Unc. sensitivities based on gross cues, like those used to sort "junk mail".

15. Implicit Covariation Task Lewicki, Hill, & Czyzewska, (1992) Learning Tables Subjects see many of these Test Table Subjects fill in missing cell

16. Implicit Covariation Task Lewicki, Hill, & Czyzewska, (1992) 6 Learning Tables Subjects see many of these Test Table Subjects fill in missing cell

17. Dan Simon’s Research on “Change Blindness” http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/15.php http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/10.php Gorilla not seen if attention diverted by other task Change blindness: Stranger asking directions How are these phenomena relate to New Look? To ability to see but not see?

18. Jacoby, et al. Uncon. definitely exists—question is how and where it influences thought and behavior. Uncon defined: psych states (thoughts, behaviors) that lack conscious control Is uncons. a swanky gent or a gritty dude? a. clean, dry, cognition-based entity b. dirty, wet, emotion/need based entity c. Jacoby agnostic on this question

19. Evidence of "Cool" Unconscious Amnesiacs -- recall of negative events (pin prick), word stem completions and priming. Blindsight patients -- can't consciously see, but behave as if they did see. Prospagnosia --Can't consciously recognize face, but show GSR to familiar faces. Normals -- mere exposure, perceptual fluency, implicit covariation

20. Jacoby et al. Method -- Memory Dissociations Noise Judgments -- Background noise more/less loud for previously heard sentences? Background noise more/less loud for emote. arousing sentences? False Fame -- Mistake familiarity of name with fame of named person. Unconscious influence -- Question of control Method of Opposition -- false fame task strong under distraction, weak under non-distraction--when all Ss told that List 1 was non-fame.

21. Jacoby vs. Greenwald Greenwald -- two senses of unconscious 1. Unconscious perception 2. Unconscious/automatic influences on memory Jacoby -- Both issues subsumed by cognitive control May be aware of event in moment, but then forget this awareness. However "damage done", learning occurred. We just forgot that it occurred. "Subliminal messages" might be seen, then forgotten, in subsequent attn. to lyrics, movie images.

22. Pooping Babies: Biological States, Primed Goals, and Emotional Reactions Shidlovksi & Hasssin, 2011

23. Emotions Serve Goals Old View: Emotions once seen as obstacles to goals, and self control New view: Emotions can abet goals 1. Provide feedback on progress [HOW SO?] 2. People prefer emotions that advance goals: Anger, excitement [WHY?] Emotions modulate goal-related behavior. Act as “accelerator” or “brake” Unconscious goals can therefor affect conscious emotions.

24. Study Design Goal Relevant (peak fertility Ss) Goal Irrelevant (low fertility Ss) Motherhood Prime Neutral Prime Motherhood Prime Neutral Prime Disgusting Stim Disgusting Stim Goal Relevant Goal Irrelevant Goal Relevant Goal Irrelevant How disgusting is this picture? 1 – 9 [MEASURES GOAL-REL. EMOTION] How much want to establish family? 1– 9 [MEASURES CONSCIOUSNESS OF GOAL]

25. Disgust Ratings Due to Stim, Prime, and Physio. State Goal-Related Stim (Runny Nose Baby) Goal-Unrelated Stim (Rotten Vegs.)