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Part 1: Types of Organisms

Part 1: Types of Organisms. BIO103 Section 12 Dr. Obaidur Rahman ( OrR ). Lecture 1: Introduction to Biology. Organ Group of tissues to carry out a function Example: Eye Tissues Homogeneous group of cells Example: Retina Cells Make the tissue Example: Photoreceptor cells

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Part 1: Types of Organisms

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  1. Part 1: Types of Organisms BIO103 Section 12 Dr. ObaidurRahman (OrR)

  2. Lecture 1: Introduction to Biology • Organ • Group of tissues to carry out a function • Example: Eye • Tissues • Homogeneous group of cells • Example: Retina • Cells • Make the tissue • Example: Photoreceptor cells • Organelle • Distinct component with in a cell • Example : Mitochondria • Molecules • ATP • 1. Level of organization: • Biosphere • All world ecosystems • 106 number of Eukaryotic species • Example: Earth • Ecosystem • Interacting community of orgnisms • Example: Forest (trees, mice, fungi, people) • Organism • One individual in a species (phsiology) • Example: Human

  3. Lecture 1: Introduction to Biology • Dates: History of Life • 4.0 billions years ago: Earth cool • 3.7 billions years ago: 1st life form (prokaryotes: bacteria O2 ) • 1.5 billions years ago: nucleated cells (eukaryotes form -> symbiosis) • 0.5 billions years ago: multicellular organisms • 0.005 billions years ago: Human • 0.000000000015 billions years ago : NSU

  4. Lecture 1: Introduction to Biology Types of cells:

  5. Lecture 1: Introduction to Biology Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryote • Usually unicellular • Nucleus absent • Organelles absent • Smaller ribosomes • Example: bacteria, Archaea. Eukaryote • Usually multicellular • Membrane bounded nucleus • Organelles present • Larger ribosomes • Example: animal, plant, fungi, algae.

  6. The Cell Theory • All organisms are made up of cells • Some organisms consist of only one cell; e.g. amoeba • Human have ~60 trillion cells • The Cell Theory: • Cells are the structural unit of all living things • Cells are the functional units of all living things • All cells come from living cells

  7. I. Protoplasm & Its Activity • Granular and jelly-like, makes up most of the cells • Varies in composition in organisms to organism • Varies even in cell to cell in same organism • 70% is water, 30% is carbohydrates, fats and proteins • Maintains a living condition of cells • Life processes occurs on Protoplasm • Keeps cell functions organized by ‘division of labor’

  8. II. Nucleus • All cells contain nucleus • Contains chromosomes • Cellular materials of nucleus is called nucleoplasm and has a more condensed nucleolus . • Has nuclear membrane with pores to exchange materials between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.

  9. III. Cytoplasm • Protoplasm, outside Nucleus • Cytoplasm + Nucleoplasm = Protoplasm

  10. IV. Plasma Membrane • Membrane at its outer margin • Holds cell materials like a packet • Separates one cell from other and outer environment • Semipermiable

  11. V. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Extensive network of membrane • Manufacture, process and transport materials within cells • Two types: • Rough (contains ribosome’s) • Smooth (don’t have ribosome’s)

  12. VI. Cell Wall • Most plant cell have cell walls • Outermost layer • Provides support and protection • Animal cell do not have cell wall • Consist of cellulose.

  13. VII. Cell Organelles • Organelles means ‘little organs’ • Have specialized structure and do specific functions. Ribosome's: • Tiny, grain like • Located in the surface of Endoplasmic Reticulum / float freely in cytoplasm • Contains enzyme, involve in protein synthesis

  14. VII. Cell Organelles • Golgi Apparatus: • Stacked membranous tubes • Store, package and distribute materials that made in Endoplasmic Reticulum. • Mitochondria: • Small organelle • Converts nutrients to energy • Produces ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) – fuel of cell • It is called the ‘power house’ of the cell.

  15. VII. Cell Organelles • Lysosomes: • Membrane bounded sac • Contain enzymes that breakdown complex molecules • Destroy harmful invaders like bacteria. • Have very acidic environment

  16. VII. Cell Organelles • Plastids: • Found mainly in plants • Three kinds: • 1. Chloroplast: green: photosynthesis • 2. Leucoplast: colorless: starch, oil synthesis • 3. Chromoplast: Other colors: accessory photosynthetic pigments

  17. VII. Cell Organelles • Centrioles: • Most animal have a pair of centrioles • Main function in cell division • Vacuoles: • Membrane bounded cavity • Filled with cell sap: water, sugars, salts and other chemicals. • Present in plants

  18. Thank you

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