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Unit 5: The Diversity of Life

Unit 5: The Diversity of Life. Chapter 22: Systematics (Classification). Systematics. The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships Taxonomy – the science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms

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Unit 5: The Diversity of Life

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  1. Unit 5: The Diversity of Life Chapter 22: Systematics (Classification)

  2. Systematics • The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships • Taxonomy – the science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms • Classification – arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities, which reflect historical relationships among lineages

  3. Binomial Nomenclature • CarolusLinnaeus simplified the complicated, older system of classification • Binomial System of Nomenclature • Makes classification an international science • Each species assigned a two-part name

  4. How to Write Scientific Names • First part of a scientific name = genus • Second part of scientific name = specificepithet • Genus name is always capitalized. • Specific epithet is not capitalized. • Scientific names are typed in italics • Scientific names are underlined (separately) if handwritten • Ex. Scientific name for dog Canis familiaris or Canisfamiliaris

  5. Taxonomic Levels • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species *A taxon is a formal grouping of organisms at a specific level, such as the genus.

  6. Domains and Kingdoms • 3 Domains: • Archaea • Kingdom Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Kingdom Eubacteria • Eukarya • Kingdom Protista • Kingdom Fungi • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Animalia

  7. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Prokaryotes • Unicellular • Microscopic • Peptidoglycan absent in cell walls • Differ biochemically from eubacteria • Ecological Role: • Live in extreme environments: • Methanogens – sewage, swamps • Halophiles – salty environments • Thermophiles – hot, acidic environments

  8. Kingdom Eubacteria • Prokaryotes • Unicellular • Microscopic • Cell walls composed of peptidoglycan • Ecological Role: • Most are decomposers • Some chemosynthetic • Some photosynthetic • Important in recycling nitrogen

  9. Kingdom Protista • Eukaryotes • Mainly unicellular or simple multicellular • 3 informal groups: • Protozoa • Algae • Slime Molds/Water Molds • Ecological Role: • Protozoa - Zooplankton • Algae - Important producers • Important oxygen source

  10. Animal-Like Protists: Protozoans

  11. Plantlike Protists: Unicellular Algae

  12. Plantlike Protists: Red, Brown, & Green Algae

  13. Kingdom Fungi • Eukaryotes • Heterotrophic • Absorb nutrients • Cell walls of chitin • Body composed of threadlike hyphae that form tangled masses that infiltrate food • Ecological Role: • Decomposers • Some parasitic • Used as food • Yeast – bread and alcohol • Drugs – antibiotics • Spoilage, Crop loss

  14. Sac Fungi

  15. Club Fungi

  16. Symbiotic Relationships • Lichens – symbiotic relationship between fungus and photosynthetic organism • Pioneer species

  17. Kingdom Plantae • Eukaryotes • Multicellular • Photosynthetic • Multicellular reproductive organs • Alternation of generations • Cell walls of cellulose • Ecological Role: • Primary producers • Source of oxygen in atmosphere

  18. Types of Plants • Bryophytes (mosses) • Ferns • Cone-bearing plants • Flowering plants – 90% of plants

  19. The Animal Kingdom • Which of these is an animal?

  20. Kingdom Animalia • Eukaryotes • Multicellular heterotrophs • Complex organ systems • Ability to move • Specialized nervous tissue • Ecological Role: • Consumers • Herbivores, carnivores, or detritus feeders

  21. Amazing Fact! • 95% of animals are invertebrates • Only 5% of animals are vertebrates

  22. 7 Essential Functions of Animals • Feeding • Respiration • Circulation • Excretion • Response • Movement • Reproduction

  23. Phyla of Animals • Porifera - sponges • Cnidaria – jellyfish, sea anemone • Platyhelminthes – flatworms • Nematoda – roundworms • Annelida – segmented worms • Mollusca – mollusks: octopus, snail, clam, oyster • Arthropoda – scorpions, crab, all insects • Echinodermata – sea stars, sea urchins • Chordata – fish, reptiles mammals, amphibians, birds

  24. Your Assignment • Research 10 different organisms and record their classification levels • Domain  Species Name (genus and specific epithet) • 9 must be from the different phyla of animals, the 10th can be from any other kingdom. • Due tomorrow!

  25. Phylogeny • Goal of systematics is to determine phylogeny – evolutionary relationships • Homology – implies evolution from a common ancestor • Shared ancestral characters – suggest a distant common ancestor • Shared derived characters – indicate a more recent common ancestor • Molecular systematics – compares DNA for assessing evolutionary relationships

  26. Cladograms • Diagrams that illustrate phylogeny • Base of cladogram – common ancestor for all taxa being analyzed • Branch point (node) – immediate common ancestor of the next group • Example cladograms p.480

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