John M. Murrin, et al. Liberty, Equality, Power A History of the American People

1. John M. Murrin, et al.Liberty, Equality, PowerA History of the American People Chapter 12 Whigs, Democrats and the Shaping of Society

2. Reform Movements • Education • Horace Mann • Texts – Noah Webster & William McGuffey • McGuffey Readers

3. Reform Movements - Education • State Universities • UNC-CH • Higher Education for women • Oberlin College, OH • Teacher colleges – ECTC (ECU) • Lyceum Lecture Associations

4. Reform Movements • Prison Reform – reform and punish criminals • Mental Reform – Dorothea Dix • Temperance Movement Dix

5. Reform Movements • Women’s Rights • Challenged “cult of domesticity” • Leaders • Lucretia Mott • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Susan B. Anthony

6. Women’s Rights Conference • Seneca Falls, NY • “Declaration of Sentiments”

7. Transcendentalism • Literary and philosophical movement • Truth comes from an “inner light” • Emphasis on individualism • Belief in the inherent dignity of the individual • Unitarians prominent in the movement In the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson, in his 1842 lecture "The Transcendentalist": The Transcendentalist adopts the whole connection of spiritual doctrine. He believes in miracle, in the perpetual openness of the human mind to new influx of light and power; he believes in inspiration, and in ecstasy. He wishes that the spiritual principle should be suffered to demonstrate itself to the end, in all possible applications to the state of man, without the admission of anything unspiritual; that is, anything positive, dogmatic, personal. Thus, the spiritual measure of inspiration is the depth of the thought, and never, who said it? And so he resists all attempts to palm other rules and measures on the spirit than its own . . . .

8. Ralph Waldo Emerson • Self Reliance • Henry David Thoreau • “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience” • People have the moral obligation to • disobey unjust laws • Walden • Walt Whitman • “Poet Laureate of Democracy” Whitman Thoreau

9. Utopian Societies • Cooperative and communal • Opposed class distinctions created by capitalism

10. Robert Owen – New Harmony, IN In Scotland, Owens reconstructed a mill community into a model industrial town with good housing and sanitation, nonprofit stores, schools, and excellent working conditions. Mill profits increased. The New Lanark experiment became famous in England and abroad, and Owen's ideas spread. He also proposed the formation of self-sufficient cooperative agricultural-industrial communities. One such community, called New Harmony, was established (1825) in Indiana but failed after numerous disagreements among its members.

11. New Harmony, IN as envisioned by Owens

13. Transcendentalists - Brookfarm, MA Brook Farm, a celebrated nineteenth-century New England utopian community, was founded by Unitarian minister George Ripley and other progressive, Transcendentalist Unitarians, to be, in Ripley's words, a new Jerusalem, the "city of God, anew." From its founding in 1841 until it went bankrupt in 1847, Brook Farm influenced many of the social reform movements of its day: abolitionism, associationalism, the workingmen's movement, and the women's rights movement. It represented both a test of Transcendentalist dreams and a challenge to Transcendentalist individualism.

14. Oneida, NY • Christian based • 2nd Coming = Already occurred • New Eden on Earth = no selfishness or sin • Plural marriages • Eugenics • Silver artisans • Perfectionists – fruits of labor are God’s gift Noyes

16. Shakers – New Lebanon, NY • Mother Ann Lee • Shaking Quakers • Celibate • Imminent 2nd Coming • Possible to attain purity • Perfectionists – wood working

17. Shaker Dining Hall

18. Literary Accomplishments • James Fennimore Cooper Last of the Mohicans • Louisa May Alcott Little Women • Herman Melville Moby Dick • Edgar Allen Poe Raven, Fall of the House of Usher, etc. Poe

19. Science • John Audubon – Birds of North America

20. Art – Hudson River School