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Latrines

Latrines. Aim: To give an overview of excreta control and disposal methods, their development and management. Sanitation-Latrine:

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Latrines

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  1. Latrines Aim: To give an overview of excreta control and disposal methods, their development and management Sanitation-Latrine: The means of collecting and disposing of excreta and community liquid wastes in a hygienic way so as not to endanger the health of individuals and the community as a whole (WHO-1987)

  2. Excreta or human faeces • 1gm of faeces can contain 10,000 viruses, 1,000,000 bacteria, 1,000 parasite cysts and 100 parasite eggs. • Children in developing countries commonly carries up to 1,000 hookworms, roundworms and whipworms at a time, that can cause anaemia and other debilitating conditions • Average 250gm dry faeces produce by per person/day. • 1-2 litre wet faeces ppd in emergencies A camp of 50,000 can produce 10-15m3 of pure (dry) faeces/day Source UNICEF

  3. Why need excreta disposal • 12,000 Rohingya refugees died in 1982 Bangladesh refugee camp from a diarrhoeal disease (cholera) outbreak within a month. With same numbers in 1992 influx, there was no disease outbreak, few people fallen sick. In the 1st influx 250,000 Rohingya refugees without watsan response and in the 2nd case with access to good water and sanitation facilities. • 7 to 9% of the Rwandan refugees in Zaire died from communicable disease outbreak in 1994(50death/10,000/day).. With improve watsan facilities, mortality reduced to normal.

  4. Global burden of excreta related disease (in conjunction with water & hygiene) • 2.4 billion people lack access to basic sanitation include the poorest in the world. • 2.2 million people die every year from diarrhoeal diseases (including cholera). Majority are children <5 (1.8m) in developing countries. Source WHO

  5. 1st phase • To control and prevent disease outbreaks

  6. Immediate responseEmergency clean up • Mobilisation-labour, volunteer • Faeces can be covered with lime prior to remove • Cleaning tools and protective clothing • Safe dumping hole or designated area

  7. Design of an excreta disposal programme • Assessment & analysis of information and judgement & assumption of situation • Phase response – priority-planning • Monitoring and adjustment • Participation & representation • Resources • Exit strategy

  8. Rapid assessment Health M &M Trends Risks Technical Security • What-info • Where and whom • How-approach, methodology • When-time • Analysis-report/propose Capacity resources Cultural Practices belives Social Political Coordination • Oxfam excreta disposal guideline • Assessment checklist • Assessment report format

  9. Controlled open defecation field • Far from water facilities • Downhill of settlement and water sources • Far from public building, roads & dwelling • Not field crops grown for human consumption • Far from food storage or preparation area • Rapid and cheap to implement but • Lacks privacy-needs space and difficult to manage

  10. Defecation Field – Shallow Trench

  11. Trench latrine (deep/shallow)

  12. Trench Latrine

  13. What do we expect from a latrine? • Culturally acceptable • Affordable • Rapid construction • Maintainable • Easy to clean • Safety & protection • Fly/mosquito/(odour) control • Special needs

  14. Design specification • Coverage • Position • Accumulation rate • Pit depth • Others

  15. Design factors • Time constraints • Design life • Agency mandate • Financial constraints • Local materials • Logistics/transportation • Human resources • Operation and maintenance • Socio-political • Socio-cultural • Available space • Ground conditions • Water availability • Anal cleansing materials • Menstruation • User friendly (children)

  16. Communal latrines • Sitting & distribution • Participation • Maintenance • Life, replacement

  17. Participation Space Shared family Responsibility Tools and materials Maintenance Family latrines

  18. Latrines operation and maintenance (O&M)

  19. O & M

  20. Materials and Costs

  21. Materials & cost

  22. Materials & cost

  23. Latrines in difficult environment • Latrines in high water table or in flood situation. • Latrines on rocky ground/hard soil • Limited space-dewatering/desludging • Overcrowded public buildings-domestic containment

  24. Latrines in high water tables Albania- Rushbull camp 1999

  25. Raised latrine-hard rock or flooding situation

  26. Flood water • 1st Phase • Flowing water with cubicle • Solid waste & excreta containment

  27. Built up plinth Ground level

  28. Built up plinth Ground level

  29. Built up plinth Ground level

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