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Anatomy and Physiology of the Circulatory System

This chapter explores the different components of the circulatory system, including the blood, heart, and vascular system. It provides detailed descriptions and functions of each cell type found in the blood, as well as information on the chemical composition of plasma and the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels.

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Anatomy and Physiology of the Circulatory System

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  1. CHAPTER 5 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Circulatory System

  2. The Circulatory System • Blood • Heart • Vascular System

  3. THE BLOOD

  4. Formed Elements of Blood Table 5-1

  5. Cell Type Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBCs) Table 5-1 • Description # of Cells/mm3 D & LS Function • Biconcave, 4-6 million D: 5-7 days Transport O2 & CO2 anucleate disc; DL: 100-120 salmon-colored; days diameter 7-8 microns )

  6. Cell Type—Neutrophils • Table 5-1 ) Description # of Cells/mm3 D & LS Function Nucleus multilobed; 3000-7000 D: 6-9 days Phagocytize inconspicuous; LS: 6 hours bacteria cytoplasmic; to a few diameter 10-14 days microns

  7. Cell Type—Eosinophils • Table 5-1 ) Description # of Cells/mm3 D & LS Function Nucleus multilobed; 100-400 D: 6-9 days Kills parasitic worms red cytoplasmic DL: 8-12 days destroy antigen- granules; antibody complexes; diameter 10-14 inactivate some microns inflammatory chemical of allergy

  8. Cell Type—Basophils • Table 5-1 ) Description # of Cells/mm3 D & LS Function Nucleus lobed; 20-50 D: 3-7 days Release histamine large blue-purple DL: a few and other mediators cytoplasmic hours to a of inflammation; granules few days contains heparin, an anticoagulant

  9. Cell Type—Lymphocytes • Table 5-1 ) Description # of Cells/mm3 D & LS Function Nucleus spherical 1500-3000 D: days-wks Mount immune or indented; DL: hrs-yrs response by direct pale blue cell attack or via cytoplasm antibodies

  10. Cell Type—Monocytes • Table 5-1 ) Description # of Cells/mm3 D & LS Function Nucleus U- or 100-700 D: 2-3 days Phagocytosis; kidney-shaped; DL: months develop into gray-blue macrophages cytoplasm; in tissues diameter 14-24 microns

  11. Cell Type—Platelets • Table 5-1 ) Description # of Cells/mm3 D & LS Function Discoid cytoplasmic 250,000- D: 4-5 days Seals small tears fragments con- 500,000 DL: 5-10 in blood vessels; taining granules days instrumental in stain deep purple; blood clotting diameter 2-4 microns

  12. Centrifuged Blood-Filled Capillary Tube • Fig. 5-1. A centrifuged blood-filled capillary tube.

  13. Normal Differential Count Table 5-2

  14. Chemical Composition of Plasma • Water Food Substance • 93% of plasma weight Amino acids • Glucose/carbohydrates • Proteins Lipids • Albumins Individual vitamins • Globulins • Fibrinogen Respiratory Gases • O2 • Electrolytes CO2 • Cations N2 • Na+ • K+Individual Hormones • Ca2+ • Mg2+ • Anions Waste Products • Cl– Urea • PO43– Creatinine • SO42– Uric Acid • HCO3– Bilirubin Table 5-3

  15. THE HEART

  16. The Heart • Fig. 5-2. (A) anterior view of the heart. (B) posterior view of the heart.

  17. Anterior View of Heart • Fig. 5-2. (A) Anterior view of the heart.

  18. Posterior View of Heart • Fig. 5-2. (B) posterior view of the heart.

  19. Relationship of Heart to Other Body Parts • Fig. 5-3. (A) the relationship of the heart to the sternum, ribs, and diaphragm. (B) Cross-sectional view showing the relationship of the heart to the thorax. (C) Relationship of the heart to the lungs great vessels.

  20. Layers of the Pericardium and Heart Wall • Fig. 5-4. The layers of the pericardium and the heart wall.

  21. Cardiac Muscle Bundles • Fig. 5-5. View of the spiral and circular arrangement of the cardiac muscle bundles.

  22. Coronary Circulation • Fig. 5-6. Coronary circulation. (A) Arterial vessels. (B) Venous vessels.

  23. BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART

  24. Chambers and Valves of the Heart • Fig. 5-7. Internal chambers and valves of the heart.

  25. THE PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC VASCULAR SYSTEM

  26. Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation • Fig. 5-8. Pulmonary and systemic circulation.

  27. Neural Control and the Vascular System • Fig. 5-9. Neural control of the vascular system. Sympathetic neural fibers to the arterioles are especially abundant.

  28. Components of the Pulmonary Blood Vessels • Fig. 1-29. Components of the pulmonary blood vessels.

  29. THE BARORECEPTOR REFLEX

  30. Location of the Arterial Baroreceptors • Fig. 5-10. Location of the arterial baroreceptors.

  31. Arterial Blood Pressure • When arterial blood pressure decreases, the baroreceptor reflex causes the following to increase: • Heart Rate • Myocardial Force of Contraction • Arterial Constriction • Venous Constriction

  32. The Net Result • Increased cardiac output • Increase in total peripheral resistance • Return of blood pressure to normal

  33. PRESSURES IN THE PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC VASCULAR SYSTEMS

  34. Types of Pressures Used to Study Blood Flow • Intravascular • Transmural • Driving

  35. Intravascular Pressure • The actual blood pressure in the lumen of any vessel at any point, relative to the barometric pressure • Also known as “intraluminal pressure”

  36. Transmural Pressure • The difference between intravascular pressure of a vessel and pressure surrounding the vessel

  37. Transmural Pressure • Transmural pressure is positive when the pressure inside the vessel exceeds pressure outside the vessel, and • Negative when the pressure inside the vessel is less than the pressure surrounding the vessel

  38. Driving Pressure • The pressure difference between the pressure at one point in a vessel and the pressure at any other point downstream in the vessel

  39. Blood Pressures • Fig. 5-11. Types of blood pressures used to study blood flow.

  40. THE CARDIAC CYCLE AND ITS EFFECT ON BLOOD PRESSURE

  41. Sequence of Cardiac Contraction • Fig. 5-12. Sequence of cardiac contraction. (A) ventricular diastole and atrial systole. (B) ventricular systole and atrial diastole.

  42. Systemic Circulation • Fig. 5-13. Summary of diastolic and systolic pressures in various segments of the circulatory system. Red vessels: oxygenated blood. Blue vessels: deoxygenated blood.

  43. Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP) • MAP can be estimated by measuring the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and using the following formula:

  44. Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP) • For example, the mean arterial blood pressure of the systemic system, which has a SBP of 120 mm Hg and a DBP of 80 mm Hg, would be calculated as follows: MAP = SBP + (2 x DBP) 3 = 120 + (2 x 80) 3 = 280 3 = 93 mm Hg

  45. Mean Intraluminal Blood Pressure • Fig. 5-14. Mean intraluminal blood pressure at various points in the pulmonary and systemic vascular systems.

  46. Major Arterial Pulse Sites • Fig. 5-15. Major sites where an arterial pulse can be detected.

  47. The Blood Volume and Its Effect on Blood Pressure • Stroke Volume • Cardiac Output

  48. Cardiac Output • Cardiac output (CO) is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume (SV) by the heart rate (HR)

  49. Example • If the stroke volume is 70 mL, and the heart rate is 72 bpm, the cardiac output is:

  50. Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure • Cardiac output directly influences blood pressure. Thus, • When either SV or HR increase, blood pressure increases • When either SV or HR decrease, blood pressure decreases

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