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Electric Charge and Static Electricity

Electric Charge and Static Electricity. Notes. Electric Charge. Electric charge is a property of protons and electrons. Protons have a positive charge. Electrons have a negative charge. Proton. Electron. Electric Charge.

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Electric Charge and Static Electricity

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  1. Electric Charge and Static Electricity • Notes

  2. Electric Charge • Electric charge is a property of protons and electrons. • Protons have a positive charge. Electrons have a negative charge.

  3. Proton Electron

  4. Electric Charge • Two charges that are the same push away from each other. Two charges that are different pull toward each other. • If a proton and an electron come close together, they attract each other. • Attraction (pull) and repulsion (push) between electric charges is known as interaction between charges. The interaction between charges is called electricity.

  5. Repulsion Attraction

  6. Electric Charge • This is different from the interaction between magnetic poles, which is known as magnetism. • The terms “positive” and “negative” were given to charges by Benjamin Franklin in the 1700s.

  7. Electric Charge • Balloon + Aluminum Can • Comb + Paper • Balloon + Water

  8. Electric Force • Electric force is the attraction or repulsion between electric charges. • A magnetic field surrounds a charged object. An electric field is a region around a charged object in which electric force occurs.

  9. Electric Force • Suppose one charged object is placed in the electric field of a second charged object. The first charged object is either pushed or pulled -- repelled or attracted. • The strength of an electric field depends on how far away the charged object is. The farther away a charged object is, the weaker the electric field is.

  10. The strength of an electric field is represented by how close the electric field lines are to each other.

  11. Static Electricity • Most objects usually have no charge. However, objects can become charged. • If an object loses electrons, it has more protons than electrons. Therefore, it has a positive charge. • If an object gains electrons, it has more electrons than protons. Therefore is has a negative charge.

  12. - + - + + - - - - - + + + - - + + + - - - - - - + - - Before Rubbing (uncharged) After Rubbing (Negatively Charged)

  13. Static Electricity • Static Electricity is the buildup of charges on an object. Static means “not moving.” In static electricity, the charges do not flow or move.

  14. Transferring Charge • An object becomes charged when electrons move from one place to another place. • Charging by friction is when electrons move from one uncharged object to another object by rubbing. For example, a girl charges by friction when she runs her socks on the carpet.

  15. Transferring Charge • Charging by conduction is when electrons move from a charged object to another object by direct contact. You can charge yourself by conduction when you touch a charged object. • Think: carpet > socks = friction • Then: socks > feet = conduction

  16. Transferring Charge • Charging by induction is when electrons move to one part of an object due to the electric field of another object. There is no touching in charging by induction.

  17. Transferring Charge • You can find out if an object is charged by using an instrument called an electroscope.

  18. When the object is uncharged, the leaves hang down, but if a charged object gets close, the leaves repel each other and spread apart.

  19. Static Discharge • Charges may build up as static electricity on an object. But the charges do not stay on that object forever. • The loss of static electricity as charges move from one object to another is called static discharge.

  20. Static Discharge • A static discharge often produces a spark. For example, there may be a tiny spark when you touch a metal doorknob. Lightning is another example of static discharge.

  21. Section 6:2 Electric Current

  22. Electric current is the flow of electric charges through a material. The charges must flow continuously, or without stopping. The rate of electric current through a wire is how much charge passes a place in a certain amount of time (One coulomb per second = 1 amp). The unit used for the rate of electric current is the ampere. The name can be shortened to amp or A. Flow of Electric Charges

  23. A current needs a path to follow. An electric circuit is an unbroken path through which electric charges flow. An electric circuit is always a complete loop with no breaks in the loop. If an electric circuit is complete, charges can flow continuously. If an electric circuit is broken, charges will stop flowing. Flow of Electric Charges

  24. Open Circuit Closed Circuit

  25. Any material that an electric charge can go through easily is called a conductor. Metals are good conductors. Silver, copper, aluminum, and iron. In a conductor, atoms contain electrons that are bound loosely. These electrons, called conduction electrons, are able to move throughout the conductor. Conductors and Insulators

  26. Any material that an electric charge has a hard time going through is called an insulator. Rubber, glass, plastic, and wood. The rubber coating on an electric cord is an example of an insulator; allowing electrons to flow though the copper wiring inside, but preventing the electrons from flowing into your hand. Conductors and Insulators

  27. Charges need energy to flow through a wire. The energy that makes charges flow is called electrical potential energy. A battery for example, creates an electrical potential energy in an electric circuit. Voltage

  28. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential energy between two places in a circuit. Another name for voltage is potential difference. The unit of measure of voltage is volt, which is abbreviated as V. Voltage

  29. An electric circuit needs a source of energy to have voltage. A voltage source creates a potential difference, or voltage, in an electric circuit. A battery is an example of a voltage source. An electric generator is also a voltage source. Voltage

  30. Resistance is the measure of how hard it is for charges to flow through a material. The unit for resistance is the ohm the symbol Ω stands for “ohms.” How much current there is through a circuit depends on how much resistance there is. The more resistance there is, the less current there will be. Resistance

  31. How much resistance there is in a wire depends on these four factors: material the wire is made of length of the wire diameter of the wire temperature of the wire Resistance

  32. Material Conductor - Low Resistance Insulator - High Resistance Length Short - Low Resistance Long - High Resistance Resistance

  33. Resistance, cont. • Diameter • Wide - Low Resistance • Narrow - High Resistance • Temperature • Hot - High Resistance • Cold - Low Resistance

  34. If an electric charge can flow through one or more paths with varying resistances, it will flow through the path with the least resistance. Resistance

  35. Bird on an Electric WireThe bird has more resistance than the wire.

  36. Section 6:4 Electric Circuits

  37. Current, voltage, and resistance are related to one another. The relationship among resistance, voltage, and current is summed up in Ohm’s Law. Ohm’s Law

  38. Ohm’s Law states that the resistance of most conductors does not depend on the voltage across them. Changing the voltage in a circuit changes the current but will not change the resistance. Ohm concluded that conductors and most other devices have a constant resistance regardless of the applied voltage. Ohm’s Law

  39. The equation for Ohm’s Law is: The units in the equation are: Ohms (Ω) = Volts (V) ÷ Amps (A) Ohm’s Law Voltage or R=V/I Resistance = Current

  40. You can rearrange Ohm’s Law to find voltage with this equation: Voltage = Current X Resistance or V=IR Ohm’s Law

  41. If a circuit has a resistance of 30.5 ohms and a current of .05 amps, what is it’s voltage? Ohm’s Law 1.52 volts

  42. The brake light on an automobile is connected to a 12-volt battery. If the resulting current is 0.40 amps, what is the resistance of the brake light? Ohm’s Law 30 Ω

  43. Circuits have devices that are run by electrical energy. A circuit has a source of electrical energy. Electric circuits are connected by conducting wires. Features of a Circuit

  44. Radios, appliances, and light bulbs are examples of electrical devices. All these devices resist the flow of electrical energy. As a result, electrical devices are known as resistors. Features of a Circuit

  45. Sources of electrical energy in a circuit include batteries, generators, and electric power plants. When you plug a radio into a wall socket, the source of electrical energy is your local electric plant. Features of a Circuit

  46. Conducting wires complete the path of an electric circuit. Wires allow charges to flow from the energy source to the electric device and back to the energy source. Features of a Circuit

  47. Often, a switch is placed in an electric circuit. With a switch, you can turn a device on or off by opening or closing the circuit. Features of a Circuit

  48. Circuit Diagram

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