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2/25 Focus: The Crusades and improvements in farming helped contribute to renewed interest in trade in Western Europe Do Now: How did the Crusades renew interest in trade in Western Europe? . Improvements in Farming. Iron Plow
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2/25 Focus: • The Crusades and improvements in farming helped contribute to renewed interest in trade in Western Europe • Do Now: • How did the Crusades renew interest in trade in Western Europe?
Improvements in Farming • Iron Plow • The use of the Iron plow made farming easier and increased food production • The Horse Collar and iron horse shoes • allowed farmers to use horses rather than oxen to plow fields • Horses were faster and more efficient
Improvements in Farming • The Three Field System • Increased food production and made soil more fertile
Trade Improves • Rise of trading centers • Italy in southern Europe • Genoa and Venice • Flanders in Northern Europe
Trade Improves • Trade Fairs • Took place in towns where trade routes met
Trade Improves • The Hanseatic League • Association of Germanic cities to protect economic interests • Protected traders from piracy
Trade Improves • Improvements in trade led to Commercial Revolution • Increased use of currency • Banking and investment increases • Rise of Capitalism • Economic system where business is owned privately to make a profit • Competition is a key component
Growth of Towns • Trading centers and Trade Fairs led to the birth of towns • Walled and protected near the manor • King or lord granted charter • Setup the rights and privileges of a town • People governed and defended the town
Growth of Towns • Many serfs left the manors and moved into towns/cities • Could be free in cities if they hid from their lord for a year and one day • Increased populations in towns • Towns were often overcrowded and dirty • Led to a decline in feudalism
Closure • Identify one way that farming improved during the Middle Ages • What were trade guilds?
2/26 Focus: • During the High Middle Ages, European society became more stable and made cultural gains in the areas of art, literature, and architecture • Do Now: • Identify one effect that the renewal of trade had on Western Europe
Trade Guilds • Association of businesses and craftsmen • Set prices for goods, wages, and standards for quality • Apprentices worked for 3-11 years under a master • Strangers had to pay a toll to the guilds to sell their products in a town • Guilds took care of widows and children of deceased members
Results of Trade Improvements • Commercial Revolution • Growth of middle class • New jobs titles • Bankers, manufacturers, craftsmen • Rise of national kingdoms
Revival of Learning • The University • Increased the flow of Greek learning into Europe • Goal of attending universities was often to get a job in government or with the Church • Helped to create a new educated class
Literature • Literacy began to increase in Europe after 1200 AD. • Coincided with growth of cities • Authors began writing in the language of their countries rather than just Latin
Literature • Epics and Romances were long poems that tell a story • Epics • Often related to war and heroes • The Song of Roland • Romances • Love stories and chivalry • King Arthur and the Knights of the Roundtable
Literature • The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer • Collection of stories about a group of pilgrims from various social groups • Provide a description of life in the middle ages
Philosophy • Thomas Aquinas • Studied the works of Greek philosophers • Aristotle • Attempted to use logic and reason to prove Christian teachings and prove the existence of God • Scholasticism
Architecture • Gothic Architecture used to build churches • Used high spires and flying buttresses • Replaced Roman style of arches and domes
Architecture • The flying buttress allowed churches to be built much taller and larger window • Supported walls from the outside • Allowed for higher ceilings and large stained glass windows • Eliminated the need for columns
Illumination • The process of decorating a written manuscript with pictures or designs • Often used in religious text
Tapestries • Large wool wall coverings that depicted life in the Middle Ages
Closure • Identify one example of medieval literature. • Identify the architectural style that developed in Europe during the High Middle Ages. • What were trade guilds?