2/25 Focus:

1. 2/25 Focus: • The Crusades and improvements in farming helped contribute to renewed interest in trade in Western Europe • Do Now: • How did the Crusades renew interest in trade in Western Europe?

2. Improvements in Farming • Iron Plow • The use of the Iron plow made farming easier and increased food production • The Horse Collar and iron horse shoes • allowed farmers to use horses rather than oxen to plow fields • Horses were faster and more efficient

4. Improvements in Farming • The Three Field System • Increased food production and made soil more fertile

6. Trade Improves • Rise of trading centers • Italy in southern Europe • Genoa and Venice • Flanders in Northern Europe

8. Trade Improves • Trade Fairs • Took place in towns where trade routes met

9. Trade Improves • The Hanseatic League • Association of Germanic cities to protect economic interests • Protected traders from piracy

10. Trade Improves • Improvements in trade led to Commercial Revolution • Increased use of currency • Banking and investment increases • Rise of Capitalism • Economic system where business is owned privately to make a profit • Competition is a key component

11. Growth of Towns • Trading centers and Trade Fairs led to the birth of towns • Walled and protected near the manor • King or lord granted charter • Setup the rights and privileges of a town • People governed and defended the town

12. Growth of Towns • Many serfs left the manors and moved into towns/cities • Could be free in cities if they hid from their lord for a year and one day • Increased populations in towns • Towns were often overcrowded and dirty • Led to a decline in feudalism

13. Closure • Identify one way that farming improved during the Middle Ages • What were trade guilds?

14. 2/26 Focus: • During the High Middle Ages, European society became more stable and made cultural gains in the areas of art, literature, and architecture • Do Now: • Identify one effect that the renewal of trade had on Western Europe

15. Trade Guilds • Association of businesses and craftsmen • Set prices for goods, wages, and standards for quality • Apprentices worked for 3-11 years under a master • Strangers had to pay a toll to the guilds to sell their products in a town • Guilds took care of widows and children of deceased members

16. Results of Trade Improvements • Commercial Revolution • Growth of middle class • New jobs titles • Bankers, manufacturers, craftsmen • Rise of national kingdoms

17. Revival of Learning • The University • Increased the flow of Greek learning into Europe • Goal of attending universities was often to get a job in government or with the Church • Helped to create a new educated class

19. Literature • Literacy began to increase in Europe after 1200 AD. • Coincided with growth of cities • Authors began writing in the language of their countries rather than just Latin

20. Literature • Epics and Romances were long poems that tell a story • Epics • Often related to war and heroes • The Song of Roland • Romances • Love stories and chivalry • King Arthur and the Knights of the Roundtable

21. Literature • The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer • Collection of stories about a group of pilgrims from various social groups • Provide a description of life in the middle ages

22. Philosophy • Thomas Aquinas • Studied the works of Greek philosophers • Aristotle • Attempted to use logic and reason to prove Christian teachings and prove the existence of God • Scholasticism

23. Architecture • Gothic Architecture used to build churches • Used high spires and flying buttresses • Replaced Roman style of arches and domes

24. Architecture • The flying buttress allowed churches to be built much taller and larger window • Supported walls from the outside • Allowed for higher ceilings and large stained glass windows • Eliminated the need for columns

28. Illumination • The process of decorating a written manuscript with pictures or designs • Often used in religious text

30. Tapestries • Large wool wall coverings that depicted life in the Middle Ages

31. Closure • Identify one example of medieval literature. • Identify the architectural style that developed in Europe during the High Middle Ages. • What were trade guilds?