Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (8th Ed)

1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (8th Ed) Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

2. States of Consciousness • Consciousness • our awareness of ourselves and our environments • Fantasy Prone Personality • imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness • spends considerable time fantasizing

3. Sleep and Dreams • Biological Rhythms • periodic physiological fluctuations • Circadian Rhythm • the biological clock • regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle wakefulness body temperature

4. Premenstrual Syndrome 3 Recalled mood is worse than earlier reported Negative mood score 2 1 Premenstrual Menstrual Intermenstrual Menstrual phase Recalled mood Actual

5. Sleep and Dreams • REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep • recurring sleep stage • vivid dreams • “paradoxical sleep” • muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active • Sleep • periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

6. Sleep and Dreams • Measuring sleep activity

7. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages p. 277 • Alpha Waves • slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain • Delta Waves • large, slow waves of deep sleep • Hallucinations • false sensory experiences

8. Awake Sleep stages 1 2 3 REM 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of sleep Typical Nightly Sleep Stages

9. Minutes of Stage 4 and REM Decreasing Stage 4 25 20 15 Increasing REM 10 5 0 1 2 5 6 7 8 3 4 Hours of sleep Typical Nightly Sleep Stages

10. Sleep Deprivation • Effects of Sleep Loss • fatigue • impaired concentration • immune suppression • irritability • slowed performance • accidents • planes • autos and trucks

11. Accident frequency More sleep, fewer accidents Less sleep, more accidents 2,800 2,700 4,200 2,600 4000 2,500 3,800 2,400 3,600 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Monday before time change Monday after time change Sleep Deprivation

12. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia • persistent problems in falling or staying asleep • Narcolepsy • uncontrollable sleep attacks • Sleep Apnea • cessation of breathing • often associated with snoring • repeatedly awakes sufferer

13. Sleep stages Awake 1 2 3 REM 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of sleep Night Terrors and Nightmares • Night Terrors • occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 • high arousal- appearance of being terrified • Nightmares • occur towards morning • during REM sleep

14. Dreams- Freud • Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) • wish fulfillment • discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings • Manifest Content • remembered story line • Latent Content • underlying, uncensored meaning

15. Dreams • As Information Processing • helps consolidate day’s memories • stimulates neural development • REM Rebound • REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

16. Sleep Patterns and Age

17. Hypnosis • Hypnosis • a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur • a relaxed state

18. Hypnosis • Posthypnotic Amnesia • supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis • induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion • Hypnotic Suggestibility • related to subject’s openness to suggestion • ability to focus attention inwardly • ability to become imaginatively absorbed

19. Hypnosis • Unhypnotized persons can also do this

20. Hypnosis • Orne & Evans (1965) • control group instructed to “pretend” • unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones • Posthypnotic Suggestion • suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized • used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

21. Hypnosis and Pain • Dissociation • a split in consciousness • allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others • Hidden Observer • Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

22. Attention is diverted from an aversive odor. How? Divided-consciousness theory: hypnosis has caused a split in awareness Social Influence theory: the subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the odor Hypnosis • Divided Consciousness or Social Phenomenon?

23. Drugs and Consciousness • Psychoactive Drug • a chemical substance that alters perceptions and alters mood • Physical Dependence • physiological need for a drug • marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms • Psychological Dependence • a psychological need to use a drug • for example, to relieve negative emotions

24. Big effect Response to first exposure Drug effect After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Little effect Large Small Drug dose Dependence • Tolerance • need for progressively larger doses to achieve same effect • Withdrawal • discomfort and distress with discontinued use

25. Psychoactive Drugs • Depressants • drugs that reduce neural activity • slow body function • alcohol, barbiturates, opiates • Stimulants • drugs that excite neural activity • speed up body function • caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines

26. Psychoactive Drugs • Hallucinogens • psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input • LSD

27. Psychoactive Drugs • Barbiturates • drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

28. Psychoactive Drugs • Opiates • opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) • opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

29. Psychoactive Drugs • Amphetamines • drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

30. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

31. Psychoactive Drugs • LSD • lysergic acid diethylamide • a powerful hallucinogenic drug • also known as acid • THC • the major active ingredient in marijuana • triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

32. Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by Depression, memory loss, organ relaxation and disinhibition damage, impaired reactions Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief from Depressed physiology, pain agonizing withdrawal Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and Anxiety, restlessness, and wakefulness insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal Metham- Stimulant Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia, phetamine hypertension, seizures Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, Cardiovascular stress, energy suspiciousness, depressive crash Nicotine Stimulant Arousal and relaxation, sense Heart disease, cancer (from tars) of well-being Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, disrupted hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation memory, lung damage from smoke Psychoactive Drugs

33. 80% 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 High school seniors reporting drug use Alcohol Marijuana/ hashish Cocaine 1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year Trends in Drug Use

34. 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Perceived “great risk of harm” in marijuana use Percent of twelfth graders Used marijuana ‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year Perceived Marijuana Risk

35. Near Death Experiences • Near Death Experience • an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death • often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

36. Near Death Experiences • Dualism • the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact • Monism • the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing