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Modern Philosophy

Delve into the philosophical realms of Newton and Locke in the Age of Enlightenment. Explore their impact on epistemology, metaphysics, moral theory, and political philosophy, including their revolutionary ideas on reason, empiricism, personal identity, and the social contract.

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Modern Philosophy

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  1. Modern Philosophy Part Three

  2. Historical BackgroundThe Enlightenment • Introduction • The Age of Enlightenment • Philosophy & Science • Four Pillars of the Enlightenment • Nature • Reason • Education & Experience • Progress

  3. Newton Background • Background • Newton • Hero • Science • The end of Aristotelian science • Empirical • Rejection of speculative theory

  4. Newton Impact • Newtonian Model for Philosophy • Philosophers Influenced by Newton • Julien La Metrie • Influence on Epistemology & Philosophy of Mind • Newtonian Science & Religion • Reaction • Newton & Religion • God in the Gaps

  5. The Rise of Disbelief • Theism • Reduced Theism • Deism • The Skeptics • Naturalistic Atheism

  6. The French • The Philosophes • Philosophes • Social Criticism • Influences • Encyclopedie

  7. John LockeBackground • Background • Early years & education • Public life • Revolution • Works • The End • Locke’s Project • Age of enlightenment • Motivation & task • Methodology • Ideas • Historically plain method

  8. John LockeEmpirical Epistemology • Critique of Innate Ideas • Goals • Innate Ideas • Universal Agreement • Universal Knowledge • Moral Principles

  9. John LockeEmpirical Epistemology • Theory of Simple Ideas • Origin of Knowledge • Newtonian Influence • Simple Ideas • Type of simple ideas: Ideas of Sensation • Type of simple ideas: Ideas of Reflection • Only two sources of ideas.

  10. John LockeEmpirical Epistemology • Theory of Complex Ideas • Origin of Complex Ideas • Classification of Complex Ideas • Compounding • Abstracting & Abstract Ideas • Primary & Secondary Qualities • Qualities • Primary Qualities • Secondary Qualities • Powers • Locke’s general reasoning for the distinction

  11. John LockeEmpirical Epistemology • Representative Realism & Judgment • Representative Realism • Judgment • The Mohneaux Problem • Degrees of Knowledge • Knowledge • Intuitive knowledge • Demonstrative knowledge • Sensitive Knowledge • Certainty

  12. John LockeEmpirical Epistemology • Refutation of Skepticism • The Skeptic • Locke’s Humorous Reply • First confirmation: production of ideas • Second confirmation: unavoidable • Third confirmation: pain & measurement • Fourth confirmation: Sense support each other • Adequate • Practical approach

  13. John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity • Substance • Idea of substance • Locke’s elephant story • Ideas of material substance & spiritual substance • The Identity of Living Things • Living creatures • Man • Identity of Man • What is Man?

  14. John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity • Consciousness & Personal Identity • Person • Consciousness • Consciousness makes Personal Identity • Forgetting • Clothing analogy & hand argument • Personal Identity & Immaterial Substance • Is it the same person through change of substance? • Two distinct persons & one immaterial substance? • Example: Nestor

  15. John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity • Memory & Personal Identity • Resurrection • The Prince & the Cobbler • Language • Self Depends on Consciousness • Consciousness • The Little Finger

  16. John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity • Reward & Punishment • PI and Justice • The Little Finger • Personal Identity • Objection & Reply • A Problem about Punishment • Drunk, Asleep & Judgment Day • Odd Cases • Two & One

  17. John LockeMoral Theory • Morality • Moral Ideas • Pleasure & Pain • Law • Three Kinds of Law • Locke’s rationalist account of ethics • Moral demonstration • Locke’s empirical account of ethics • Locke’s mixed bag

  18. John LockePhilosophy of Religion • Empirical Ideas of God • Introduction • Source of the idea of God • Rejection of the perfection argument • Proving God’s existence • Proving • Deism • Deism • Locke’s view • Impact

  19. John LockePolitical Philosophy • Background • Background • The State of Nature • The state • Locke’s assumptions • Differences from Hobbes’ state of nature • The qualities of the state of nature

  20. John LockePolitical Philosophy • Natural Laws & Rights • Natural law theory • Common property • The basis of property & Locke’s proviso • Limits of property • Right of punishment & reparation • Right of self defense • Slavery

  21. John LockePolitical Philosophy • Social Contract • Motivation1: the state of nature lacks established, settled, known law • Motivation 2: the state of nature lacks a known and indifferent judge • Motivation 3: in the state of nature there is a lack of power to enforce sentences • The contract & consent • Majority rule • Express & tacit consent

  22. John LockePolitical Philosophy • Limits of government • Powers given up in society • Limits of power • Extent of the legislative power • Natural law remains • Branches of government • Tyranny & Resistance • Tyranny • Resistance

  23. John LockeProblems & Impact • Innate Ideas • Straw man? • Intellect • Representative realism • Problem of the external world • Locke’s proposed solution • Problem • Tyranny of the majority • Majority rule

  24. John LockeProblems & Impact • Impact & Significance • Politics • Philosophy

  25. George BerkeleyBackground • There was a young man who said, "God Must think it exceedingly odd • If he finds that this tree Continues to be, • When there's no one about in the quad." • Dear Sir, your astonishment's odd • I'm always about in the quad, • And that's why the tree Continues to be, • Since observed by, • Yours faithfully, • God

  26. George BerkeleyBackground • Background • Life • Impact on American Education

  27. George BerkeleyOpposing Skepticism & Atheism • Berkeley’s Project • Treatise • Three Dialogues • Newtonian Science • Matter • Idealism • Against skepticism • The philosopher of common sense

  28. George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation • Locke to the logical conclusion • Locke • Theory of Ideas • Ideas • Criticism of Abstract Ideas • Locke’s theory of abstract ideas • Berkeley’s criticism • General ideas • Language problem • Rejection of abstract ideas: rejection of matter

  29. George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation • Arguments from Mental Dependency • Meaning Argument • Idea argument • Objection & reply • Argument from Pain & Pleasure • The argument • Heat & pain • Objection & reply

  30. George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation • Arguments from Perceptual Relativity • Hot & Cold Argument • Taste & Odor Argument • Sound • Color • Results

  31. George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation • Primary & Secondary Qualities Arguments • Primary & Secondary Qualities • Contradiction argument • Inseparability Argument • Extension Argument • Objection: extension & matter in general • Number Argument • Dream Argument • Distance Argument

  32. George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation • Imagination Argument • Imagination Argument • Criticism of Representational Realism • Locke • Objection • Primary & secondary qualities

  33. George BerkeleyMetaphysics • The World • Objection: banishing the real • Reply • Dreams vs. Reality • Existence • Samuel Johnson • Seeming Absurdity

  34. George BerkeleyMetaphysics • Cause of Ideas • Goal • Ideas cannot Cause Ideas • Material Substance • Substance • Spirit & Ideas • Spirit • There can be no idea of soul or spirit • The active mind • Ideas of sense

  35. George BerkeleyMetaphysics • Proof of God’s Existence • Knowledge of other spirits • Argument from design • God: another proof & cause • God the Perceiver • Perceiver • Refutation of Deism • Deism • Refutation

  36. George BerkeleyMetaphysics • Problem with God • The Problem • Hylas’ Dilemma • Berkeley’s Reply • Hylas’ Reply

  37. George BerkeleyScience & Laws of Nature • Science in an Immaterial World • Berkeley’s View • The Laws of Nature • Causation • Science & Religion • Scriptural Argument • Time & Space

  38. George BerkeleyProblems & Impact • Trilemma • Trilemma • Solipsism • Representative Realism • Pantheism • Other Problems • Perceiving & Conceiving • Notion • Common Sense • Hume • Theists

  39. George BerkeleyProblems & Impact • Impact • Impact

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