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Metabolic Integration & Health Impacts of Exercise: System Responses & Energy Production

Explore how major body systems handle muscle metabolism during exercise and its impact on health, understanding how circulatory and respiratory systems coordinate their responses to exercise demands, and the hormonal regulation of energy production for muscle contractions. Learn about the physiological changes in oxygen consumption and respiratory ventilation during exercise, and how cardiovascular responses adapt to increased activity levels. Discover the beneficial effects of regular exercise on cardiovascular health, immune function, stress management, and disease prevention.

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Metabolic Integration & Health Impacts of Exercise: System Responses & Energy Production

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  1. Chapter 25 Integrative Physiology III: Exercise

  2. About this Chapter • Overview of how major systems are involved in the metabolism for skeletal muscle contraction • How the extreme activities of exercise disrupt homeostasis • Focus on how the circulatory & respiratory systems integrate their responses to exercise demands • How exercise impacts health

  3. Integration of Metabolism: Review of Roles of Systems in Muscle Contraction • Reactants • Transport • Conversions • Energy produced • Contractions • Respiration • Excretion • Endocrine • Nervous

  4. Integration of Metabolism: Review of Roles of Systems in Muscle Contraction Figure 25-1: Energy metabolism in skeletal muscle

  5. Energy for Skeletal Muscle Contraction • ATP & ADP • Phosphocreatine • Aerobic paths • Anaerobic paths • (glycolytic metabolism)

  6. Sustaining Muscle contractions: ATP Sources/Time • Phosphocreatine: Short bursts at maximal effort • Anaerobic: Intermediate duration intense effort • Aerobic: Long duration at reduced effort Figure 25-2: Speed of ATP production compared with ability to sustain maximal muscle activity

  7. Hormonal regulation of Energy Source for ATP Production • (Huge body reserves – glucose 2000 & FAAs 70,000 Kcal) • Exercise intensity • Glucose • Fatty acids

  8. Hormonal regulation of Energy Source for ATP Production • Metabolic Shifts • Glucagon • Cortisol • Epinep./NE • GH • (insulin)

  9. Hormonal regulation of Energy Source for ATP Production Figure 25-3: Use of carbohydrates and fats with increasing exercise

  10. Oxygen Consumption: Factors Sustaining or Limiting Exercise • O2 consumption:: to  exercise (measure w/Vo2 max) • Limiting factors: • O2 – cell availability, (O2 deficit) • O2 – transport to: mitochondria, to cell, to blood, or to lung

  11. Oxygen Consumption: Factors Sustaining or Limiting Exercise Figure 25-4: Changes in oxygen consumption during and after exercise

  12. Respiratory Ventilation: Exercise Induced hyperventilation • Feed forward Reflex: CNS • Feedback reflexes: • Motor sensors • Joint movement • Muscle contraction • Chemo sensors • O2 & CO2 levels • Synchronized w/ cardiac output • Plasma: [O2], [CO2] & [ pH]

  13. Respiratory Ventilation: Exercise Induced hyperventilation Figure 25-5: Changes in ventilation with submaximal exercise

  14. Respiratory Ventilation: Exercise Induced hyperventilation Figure 25-6: Changes in blood gas, partial pressures, and arterial pH with exercise

  15. Cardiovascular Response to Exercise • Cardiac output •  5 to 35 L/min • Rate  2-3 X • Blood distribution •  muscles to 88% of all blood •  other tissues (except brain)

  16. Cardiovascular Response to Exercise Figure 25-7: Distribution of cardiac output at rest and during exercise

  17. Homeostatic Balancing of Exercise: “Controlled Disruption” • Feed forward reflexes • Anticipate demand • Heart & lungs • Protective reflexes • Stretch damage • Temperature  • sweating •  peripheral • blood flow • redistribution • Blood pressure  constant

  18. Homeostatic Balancing of Exercise: “Controlled Disruption” Figure 25-8: Peripheral resistance and arterial blood pressure during exercise

  19. Health Advantages of Regular Exercise: Quality of Life •  Cardiovascular disease risks: heart attack, stroke, high BP •  blood pressure •  LDL & triglycerides •  HDL  risks for diabetes • [blood [glucose] •  obesity •  stress association •  immune function • (to a point)

  20. Health Advantages of Regular Exercise: Quality of Life Figure 25-9b: The effect of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion

  21. Health Advantages of Regular Exercise: Quality of Life Figure 25-10: Immune function and exercise

  22. Summary • Exercise challenges a range of many systems involved in metabolism to produce maximal energy from various nutrient sources • Phosphocreatine most quickly produces ATP for muscle contraction while anaerobic glycolysis is intermediate • Aerobic ATP production is needed for endurance exercise

  23. Summary • Ventilation and cardiac rate and output undergo huge changes which are anticipated by feed forward reflexes and protected by other reflexes to keep BP and temperature in homeostatic • Exercise reduces risk factors in some most common health problems: heart disease, obesity , diabetes, and stress

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