Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, Fifth Edition

1. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, Fifth Edition

2. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Learning Objectives • Describe the activities of systems analysis • Explain the difference between functional and nonfunctional system requirements • Describe three types of models and reasons for creating models • Identify and understand the different types of users who will be involved in investigating system requirements

3. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Learning Objectives (continued)‏ • Describe the kind of information that is required to develop system requirements • Determine system requirements through review of documentation, interviews, observation, prototypes, questionnaires, joint application design sessions, and vendor research • Discuss the need for validation of system requirements to ensure accuracy and completeness and the use of a structured walkthrough

4. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Overview • Analysis phase of SDLC skills needed • Factfinding for investigation of systemrequirements • Analyst should learn details of businessprocesses and daily operations • Analyst should become as knowledgeableمطلع as business domain users to build credibility المصداقية • Analyst brings freshperspectiveوجهة نظر to problem • Modeling نمذجة of businessprocesses based on system requirements

5. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition The Analysis Phase in More Detail • Gatherinformation • Definesystemrequirements • Functional and nonfunctional • Prioritizerequirements • Prototype for feasibility and discovery • Generate and evaluatealternatives • Reviewrecommendations with management

6. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition The Activities of the Analysis Phase ‏ Figure 4-3

7. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Activities of the Analysis Phase and Their Key Questions‏ Figure 4-2

8. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition System Requirements • Systemrequirements – specifications that define the newsystem • Functionalrequirements • Activitiessystemmustperform (usecases)‏ • Based on procedures and businessfunctions • Documented in analysismodels

9. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition System Requirements (cont)‏ • Nonfunctionalrequirements • Technical requirement – hardware and software • Performance requirement – workload measures • Usability requirement – userinterface, workflow • Reliability requirement – outages التوقف , errordetection • Security requirement – access & protection

10. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Models and Modeling • Analystdescribesinformationsystemrequirements using a collection of models • Complexsystems require more than one type of model • Models represent some aspect سماتof the system being built • Process of creating models helps analyst clarify and refine design • Models assist communication with system users

11. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Reasons for Modeling Figure 4-3

12. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Types of Models • Different types of models are used in information systems development • Mathematical–formulas that describe technical aspects of the system • Descriptive– narrative memos, reports, or lists that describe aspects of the system • Graphical–diagrams and schematic representations of some aspect of the system

13. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Some Descriptive Models Figure 4-4

14. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Overview of Models Used in Analysis and Design • AnalysisModels named “define system requirements” • Logicalmodels • Provide detail without regard to specifictechnology • Designmodels • Physicalmodels • Provide technicaldetails • Extendlogicalmodels

15. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Models Created During Analysis Figure 4-5

16. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Stakeholders—The Source of SystemRequirements • People with interest in successfulsystemimplementation • Three primary groups of stakeholders • Users (use system)‏ • Clients (pay for and own system)‏ • Technicalstaff (Develop/Maintain system)‏ • Every type of stakeholder is identified by analyst

17. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Stakeholders Interested in New System Development Figure 4-6

18. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition More On Users as Stakeholders • Horizontaluserroles–informationflowacrossdepartments • Verticaluserroles–informationneeds of clericalstaff, middlemanagement, and seniorexecutives • Businessusers perform day-to-day operations • Informationusers need current information • Managementusers need summary information • Executiveusers need strategic information • Externalusers may have access to system

19. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition RMO Stakeholders Figure 4-7

20. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Techniques for Information Gathering • Analysis phase done to understandbusinessfunctions and developsystemrequirements • Original structured approach • Create model of existing system • Deriverequirements from existing system model • Current approach • Identify logicalrequirements for newsystem • Balance the review of currentbusinessfunctions with newsystemrequirements

21. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Relationship Between Information Gathering and Model Building‏ Figure 4-8

22. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Themesأفكار for Information-Gathering Questions Figure 4-9

23. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Fact-Finding Methods • Reviewexistingreports, forms, and proceduredescriptions • Interview and discussprocesses with users • Observe and documentbusinessprocesses • Buildprototypes • Distribute and collectquestionnaires • Conduct joint application design (JAD) sessions • Researchvendorsolutions

24. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Review Existing Reports, Forms, and Procedure Descriptions • Source: External industry-wide professional organizations and trade publications • Source: Existing business documents and procedure descriptions within organization • Identify business rules, discrepancies تعارضات , and redundancies • Be cautious of outdated material • Obtain preliminary understanding of processes • Use as guidelines/visualcues تلميحات to guide interviews

25. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Sample Order Form for RMO‏ Figure 4-10

26. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Conduct Interviews and Discussions with Users • Effective way to understand business functions and rules • Time consuming and resource expensive • May require multiple sessions to • Meet all users • Understand all processing requirements • Can meet with individuals or groups of users • List of detailed questions prepared

27. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Sample Checklist to Prepare for User Interviews Figure 4-11

28. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Sample Agenda for Interview Figure 4-12

29. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition A Sample Open-Items List Figure 4-13

30. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Observe and Document Business Processes • Varies from office to performing actual tasks • Not necessary to observe all processes at same level of detail • May make users nervous, so use common sense • Can document workflows with UML activity diagrams

31. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Activity Diagrams • Workflow – sequence of steps to process a businesstransaction • ActivityDiagram – workflowdiagram to describesequence of steps • Synchronizationbar – symbol to controlsplitting or merging of a path on an activitydiagram • Swimlane – boundedarea that containsactivities of a singleagent

32. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Activity Diagram Symbols Figure 4-14

33. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Activity Diagramthat Models a Workflow Figure 4-15

34. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Activity Diagram with Concurrent Paths Figure 4-16

35. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition BuildPrototypes • Prototype - Preliminaryworkingmodel of a larger, more complex system component • Discovery, design, evolvingprototypes • Prototype should be • Operative • Working model to provide “look and feel” • Focused to accomplishsingleobjective • Quick • Built and modified rapidly with CASEtools

36. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Distribute and Collect Questionnaires • Limited and specificinformation from a largenumber of stakeholders • Preliminary insight into business • Notwellsuited for gatheringdetailedinformation • Closed-endedquestionsdirectpersonansweringquestion • Open-endedquestionsencouragediscussion and elaboration

37. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Sample RMO Questionnaire Figure 4-17

38. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Conduct Joint Application Design Sessions • Expedites يعجلinvestigation of systemrequirements • Seeks to compressfact-finding, modeling, policyformation, and verificationactivities into shortertimeframe • Criticalfactor is to have allimportantstakeholderspresent

39. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Joint Application Design Participants • Sessionleadertrained in groupdynamics and JADgroupfacilitation • Knowledgeablebusiness and systemusers and policymakers • Technicalstaff representatives to handle • Computer and network configurations • Operatingenvironments • Security issues • Projectteammembers

40. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Joint Application Design Facilities • Conducted in specialroom • Limitinterruptions • May be off-site • Resources • Overhead projector, whiteboard, flipcharts, work material • Electronic support (laptops)‏ • CASEtools • Group support systems (GSS)‏

41. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition A JAD Facility Figure 4-18

42. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Research Vendor Solutions • Many problems have been solved by other companies • Positivecontributions of vendor solutions • Frequently provide newideas • May be stateoftheart • Cheaper and less risky • Danger • May purchasesolutionbeforeunderstandingproblem

43. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Useful Techniques in Vendor Research • Technicalspecificationsfromvendor • Demo or trial system • References of existingclients • On-sitevisits • Printout of screens and reports

44. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Validating the Requirements • Make sure gathered information is correct • Structured walkthrough • Effective means of implementing quality control early in project • Verify and validate system requirements • Review of findings from investigation and of models based on findings • Project manager responsible for system quality • Systems analyst, project manager are partners

45. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Structured Walkthrough Form Figure 4-19

46. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Summary • Analysis phase activities • Gather information • Define system requirements • Prioritize requirements • Prototype for feasibility and discovery • Generate and evaluate alternatives • Review recommendations with management • BPR and Zachman Framework can help with the analysis phase activities

47. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Summary (continued)‏ • Gathering system requirements • Functional and nonfunctional • Work with various stakeholders (users, clients, technical staff)‏ • What kind of information do I need? • What are the business processes and operations? • How are the business processes performed? • What are the information requirements?

48. Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 5th Edition Summary (continued)‏ • Primary information-gathering techniques • Review existing reports, forms, and procedure descriptions • Conduct interviews and discussions with users • Observe and document business processes • Build prototype working models • Distribute and collect questionnaires • Conduct JAD sessions • Research vendor solutions