1 / 52

Understanding Organic Reaction Mechanisms: Key Concepts and Applications

Dive into the world of organic reaction mechanisms with this comprehensive lecture outline on covalent bonds, curly arrows, nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution, and more. Explore the significance of understanding chemical transformations at a molecular level and its impact on drug design and synthesis.

kdionne
Download Presentation

Understanding Organic Reaction Mechanisms: Key Concepts and Applications

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Organic Reaction Mechanisms – Jon A Preece – Professor of Nanoscale Chemistry School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham West Midlands Chemistry Teaching Centre Haworth 101 2nd May 2017

  2. Lecture Outline: Part 1 Context Why bother with Organic Reaction Mechanisms? What is a covalent bond? What are curly reaction mechanism arrows and what is their physical meaning? How do we form bonds with pairs of electrons (lone pairs or bonding electron pairs)?

  3. Lecture Outline: Part 2 Organic Reaction Mechanisms Nucleophilic substitution with haloalkanes Nucleophilic addition with aldehydes/ketones Nucleophilic substitution (addition-elimination) with acid chlorides Electrophilic aromatic substitution Electrophilic addition to alkenes Elimination of HX from haloalkanes (X = halogen) Free radical chlorination of alkanes

  4. Why Are We Interested In Organic Reaction Mechanisms Paclitaxel was discovered beginning in 1962 as a result of a U.S. National Cancer Institute-funded screening program. It was isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxusbrevifolia, thus its name "taxol". It was shown to be active against ovarian, breast, lung, pancreatic and other cancers. The supply from the Pacific yew tree would not be enough. A need to synthesise it…. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paclitaxel

  5. 53 Step Synthesis!! We need to bring understand at a molecular level (mechanism), in order to: 1. understand chemical transformations, 2. enabling the development of even more complex chemistry, and 3. to allow new drugs and materials to be designed and synthesised.

  6. Molecules are 3D Objects

  7. What is a Covalent Bond? 2 electrons ‘equally’ shared by two atoms Two atoms bonded by… …2 electrons

  8. Reaction Mechanism ‘Curly’ Arrows Two Electron Movement Double headed arrow

  9. Heterolytic Bond Cleavage A—B A B: A : B A B: Electronegativty of atom A is less than atom B

  10. H - + OH C CH3 H H H H - - - C C OH Br Br Br C CH3 CH3 H - H OH H H H OH C C H CH3 Br H Lone Pairs Forming Bonds ethanol Bonding Electrons Forming Bonds + + + -

  11. + - H X C CH3 H Nu Nucleophilic Substitution on a Saturated Carbon Electron rich Nucleophile (Nu) in search of an electron poor saturated carbon centre Atom X is more electronegative than C AS Level

  12. H - + OH C CH3 H H - Br Br C CH3 - H OH Nucleophilic Substitution: 1 CH3CH2Br + OH- (aqueous) CH3CH2OH + Br- ethanol

  13. H + - CN C CH3 H H - Br Br C CH3 H - CN Nucleophilic Substitution: 2 CH3CH2I (ethanol) + CN-(aq) CH3CH2CN + I- propanenitrile

  14. - Br - + H NH3 + H H NH3 NH2 Br C C CH3 CH3 H H H - H NH3+Br NH2 C CH3 H Nucleophilic Substitution: 3 CH3CH2Br + NH3 2 CH3CH2NH2 + NH4+Br- aminoethane

  15. Stereochemistry Nothing is Black and White: 1 Rate Equation It is found that there are two possible stereochemical outcomes, each described by a different rate equation, and different stereochemical outcomes. Descriptor Rate Equation Stereochemical Outcome SN2 rate = k[R-Hal][Nu] Inversion SN1 rate = k[R-Hal] Racemisation

  16. Bimolecular 1 R Process C l 3 R Rate = k [R-Hal][Nu] 2 R Rate Determinig Step Nucleophilic Substitution: SN2 Nucleophile can attacks from only one side of the chloroalkane Nu

  17. http://chemistry.boisestate.edu/rbanks/organic/sn2.gif

  18. Carbocation 1 Unimolecular R 1 R Process C l 3 R 2 2 Rate = k [R-Hal] 3 R R R Rate Determining State 1 R N u 3 R 2 R 1 R N u 3 R 2 R One enantiomer Racemisation Nucleophilic Substitution: SN1 Nucleophile attacks from either side of the carbocation with equal probability. Cl Nu Nu

  19. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016 was awarded jointly to Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard L. Feringa "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines".

  20. 5 nm State 1 -1e State 0 R.A. Bissell, E. Córdova, A.E. Kaifer and J.F. Stoddart, Nature, 1994, 369, 133-137.

  21. http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2016/10/former-birmingham-professor-nobel-prize.aspxhttp://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2016/10/former-birmingham-professor-nobel-prize.aspx

  22. O C CH3 CH3 Nu Nucleophilic Addition to Aldehydes/Ketones (C=O) - Electron rich Nucleophile (Nu) in search of an electron poor unsaturated carbon centre + A2 Level

  23. O O O H C CH3 C C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CN CN CN Nucleophilic Add’n to Aldehydes/Ketones 1 + NaCN CH3COMe CH3C(OH)(CN)Me 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile - + H+

  24. O C CH3 Cl Nu Nucleophilic Addition to Acid Chlorides (R(Cl)C=O) Followed by Elimination - Electron rich Nucleophile (Nu) in search of an electron poor unsaturated carbon centre + Then elimination of Cl- AS Level

  25. O O O C C C CH3 CH3 CH3 Cl OH OH H2O Nucleophilic Add’n to Acid Chlorides 1 CH3COCl + H2O CH3COOH + HCl - O - + C Cl CH3 + - H OH + Cl H HCl

  26. O O O C C C CH3 CH3 CH3 Cl NHR NHR RNH2 Nucleophilic Add’n to Acid Chlorides 1 CH3COCl + CH3NH2 CH3CONHCH3 + HCl N-methylethanamide - O - + + C Cl CH3 + - H NHR Cl H An amide HCl

  27. + E Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electron rich aromatic unit in search of an electron poor species (electrophile (E)) A2 Level

  28. NO2 H + + NO2 O SO3H- + NO2 NO2 H O SO3H Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 1 C6H6 + H2O + HNO3/H2SO4 C6H5NO2 + H3O+ HNO3 + 2H2SO4 + 2HSO4- Electrophile Nitronium Ion catalyst

  29. - - - Cl AlCl3 Cl AlCl3 Cl AlCl3 CH(CH3)2 H + CH(CH3)2 CH3 CHCl Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 2 Lewis acid C6H6 + (CH3)2CHCl C6H5CH(CH3)2 + HCl AlCl3 + CH3 CH + Lewis Acid catalyst CH3 Secondary carbocation CH3 + AlCl3 + HC CH3 CH3 + HCl

  30. - - Cl AlCl3 Cl AlCl3 O CH3C H Cl O + + CH3C CH3C O O CH3C H + Cl Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 3 Lewis acid C6H6 + RCOCl C6H5COR + HCl CH3 C O AlCl3 Acylium ion Not catalytic. Why? AlCl3

  31. CH3 H C C CH3 H E Electrophilic Addition to Alkene Electron rich p-bond in search of an electron poor electrophile (E) AS Level

  32. CH3 H C C H H CH3 H CH3 C C CH3 + + H H - Br Br H H - CH3 C C CH3 Br H Electrophilic Addition to an Alkene: 1 CH3CH2CHBrCH3 CH3CH=CHCH3 + HBr 2-bromobutane carbocation Permanent dipole

  33. H H C C H H CH3 CH3 CH3 C C CH3 + + H H - OSO3H OSO3H H H - CH3 C C CH3 H OSO3H Electrophilic Addition to an Alkene: 2 CH3CH=CHCH3 + HOSO3H CH3CH2CH(OSO3H)CH3 2-butylhydrogensulphate carbocation

  34. H H C C H H CH3 H C C H CH3 + Br - Br Br Br + Br Br H H - C C H CH3 Br Br Electrophilic Addition to an Alkene: 3 CH3CH=CH2 + Br2 CH3CHBrCH2Br 1,2-dibromopropane carbocation Induced Dipole

  35. B H H C C H CH3 X H Elimination of HX from Alkanes to form an alkene Lone Pair of Electrons on a Base (B:) in search of an electron poor hydrogen centre + + + - Atom X is more electronegative than C AS Level

  36. H H - - C C OH Br CH3 H H H H OH C C H CH3 Br H Elimination of HX: 1 CH3CH=CH2 + H2O + Br- + OH- CH3CHBrCH3 (in ethanol) propene + + + - acting as a base this time….

  37. H H C C CH3 H Nu H H H H B C C C C Cl Nu CH3 CH3 H H H H Nothing is Black and White! 2 Nucleophilic Substitution - - - BH Cl Cl - + + + - Elimination of HX

  38. C l C H C l C l H C C l 3 3 Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes Light Induced Radical Formation and Subsequent Replacement Reactions AS Level

  39. Reaction Mechanism ‘Curly’ Arrows One Electron Movement Single ‘fish hook’ headed arrow

  40. Homolytic Bond Cleavage C—D C• D• C : D C• D• Electronegativty of atom A is usually similar to atom B

  41. Light C l C l C l C l Initiation the formation of chlorine radicals by the homolytic bond cleavage of diatomic chlorine, induced by light. Radicals Formed

  42. H C C l C H H C l 3 3 C l C l C l H C C l 3 Propagation reaction of the chlorine radicals with methane, which generates methyl radicals and HCl. Followed by the methyl radicals reacting with diatomic chlorine, to afford chloromethane and a chlorine radical. Radicals Consumed H Chlorine Radical Reformed

  43. C C H H C l H H C C CH3 C l CH3 3 3 3 3 Termination reaction of two radical species leading to nonradical products. Radicals Consumed Radicals Not Reformed

  44. Further Free Radical Chlorination Reactions CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl

  45. Summary of the Chemistry Looked at

  46. CH3 H C C CH3 H O O H C C CH3 CH3 B X C CH3 Cl CH3 E H Nu H H C C H CH3 Nu Nu X H Nucleophilic Substitution Nucleophilic Addition Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination - - + + Then elimination of Cl- Electrophilic Addition Electrophilic Substitution Elimination of HX + + E + -

  47. C l C H C l C l H C C l 3 3 Free Radical Substitution

  48. Chemistry at Birmingham www.chem.bham.ac.uk Chemistry at Birmingham Ranked in the first quartile of the 22 Russell Group Schools of Chemistry for student satisfaction and graduate employability Supporting women in Science

More Related