1 / 39

Shrinkage in port cities :

Shrinkage in port cities :. European trajectories and resilience. Victoria Pinoncely, doctoral researcher , École Normale Supérieure 13th European Biennial of European Towns and Town Planners Plymouth, 13 September 2019. @ vpinoncely @ recity_itn # recity.

kduran
Download Presentation

Shrinkage in port cities :

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Shrinkage in portcities: European trajectoriesandresilience Victoria Pinoncely, doctoralresearcher, École Normale Supérieure 13th European Biennialof European Towns and Town Planners Plymouth, 13 September 2019 @vpinoncely @recity_itn #recity

  2. Whatis urban shrinkage?

  3. Photo credit: Flickr/Thunder Circus

  4. Urban shrinkageworldwide • Many cities are growing… • but certain cities and regions are not following this growth dynamic • Increased inter-city competition • Fast urbanisation and shrinkage are two sides of the same coin Cunningham-Sabot et al. 2013

  5. Shrinkageis not thatexceptional.... • between 1990 and 2010, 20 per cent of Europeancitiesexperiencedshrinkage • Source: Wolff and Wiechmann, 2018 • between 1960 and 2005, • 40 per cent of Europeancitiesexperiencedshrinkageoccasionally • Source: Turokand Mykhnenko, 2007

  6. Causesofshrinkage Economic Demographic Political Urban/spatial Photo credit: Daniel Grothe

  7. Population loss • Shops closing in citycentres • Housingvacancy

  8. Factoriesandbusinessesclosing • Vacantsites

  9. Source: Haase et al, 2013

  10. Whytheneedformoreresearch? Relativelyrecentbut rapidlyexpandingfield of research Studies have focused on definition and conceptualisation of shrinkingcities, but gaps in researchremain Manypolicieson the groundstillfocused on achievinggrowth, whereasshrinkageisgrowingphenomenon in Europe National policiesaspatialand in manycasesthought out forgrowingcities

  11. Research gaps Shrinkage is “neither a marginal pattern of urban development nor a short-term divergence from the usual growth path”Grossmann et al, 2013 Myresearchaimsto address the followingresearchgaps Döringeret al 2019 temporal; governance and effectiveness of policyresponses; and cross-national comparison.

  12. Path dependencyand time Applying a path dependency framework to urban shrinkage can contribute to theseresearch gaps. The concept of path dependency is used in the social sciences to emphasise the importance of comparing current conditions and outcomes within the historical evolution of particular places, problems and policy responses. Context-dependent as well as path-dependent Are shrinking cities’ pathways shaped by gradual shifts, or rather ‘tipping points’?

  13. Cross national governance In order to formulate and implementpoliciesaimedatreducingshrinkage, itiscrucial for local decision-makers to understandwhich local city characteristics are alterable and susceptible to policy interventions and whichare not Hoekveld, 2012 Taking a temporal research perspective enables to understand the effectiveness of past policy responses to shrinkage by bringing the necessary hindsight. Lookingatgovernance and the interdependenciesbetween local and national governmentsis crucial to grasp how citiescan impact their future trajectories

  14. Trajectoriesofportcities Port citiessufferingfromshrinkage, evenwhentheir ports are successful The emergence of container-basedshipping resulted in challenges for many ports Further, shift frommanufacturingto information-basedeconomymeantaccessto water and ports matterless Ports often have different planning arrangements and dependfromregional or even national levels

  15. Source: OECD

  16. Le Havre

  17. Le Havre • Port provides 30,000 jobs (25% of jobs in metropolitan area) • 1st container port in France; 2nd French port for total merchandisetraffic • Economicdecline and loss of industrial jobs • Poor perception of city centre • Many vacant housingunits Le Havre : fundedin 1518 to beFrance’s maritime city CompetitionfromotherEuropean ports startedduring the interwarperiod In September 1944, a great part of the city was destroyed and subsequentlyrebuiltunder the direction of Auguste Perret Affected by petrolshock and deindustrialisationduring 1970s

  18. Source: INSEE

  19. Le Havre Issues with city centre perceptions leading to efforts to maintainheritage; designatedas UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005 City marketing based on port’slinkwith the city, and economic reconversion focused on windfarms exports Renovation of ancient docks, meanwhile uses, use of containers for student accommodation Tourismoffer as part of network with Deauville and Honfleur

  20. Le Havre Sociallyfragmented city (wealthierhouseholdssettleawayfrompollutedindustrial areas) Urbanpoliciestargetingpoorer areas (Politique de la Ville/ANRU) : demolition, refurbishment, extendingtramway access PIC Urban (EU-funded) : valorise propertypotential of former industrialand port-basedsites to develop new waterfront uses and attract new inhabitants Source: Boquet, 2009

  21. Genoa Credit: Flickr/Snobum

  22. Genoa Funded 1005 1st port in Italy Long history of demographicdeclineand rapidageing Reductionin population first hit the historical city centre Pop graph Source: IstitutoNazionale di Statistica Italia 

  23. Genoa Urban strategies limiting developments on greenfield Use touristic potential to revive historical centre Regeneration of the historical housing stock Reduction of the size of large historical flats in order to make them suitable for smaller families Credit: Flickr/Alexithyme

  24. Genoa • Part of Old Port was redesignedand opened to the public in the occasion of the International Expo in 1992, whichpaved the way for the rehabilitation of the extendedwaterfront area. • The regenerationprojectdid not includeanyresidentialunits but includedfacilitiesdedicatedto tourism and urbanleisure, and retail and commercial units • The Port Authority made a free contribution of the pier area (whichcould not beused for transshipmentanymore), and in return receivedhelp from city for the construction of another port in the West of the city. • Awarded the title of EuropeanCultural Capital 2004; UNESCO World Heritage designation in 2006

  25. Liverpool Credit: Flickr/Harshil Shah

  26. Liverpool Funded 1207 Duringthe 19th century, port handledaround 40% of the world'strade. Containerisation renderedLiverpool's docks obsolete, and most of the south end docks wereclosed by 1975. Manyeconomicsectorsdependent on port: 1980s difficult time, withhigh rates of unemploymentand out-migration. 4th UK port by tonnage in 2017

  27. Population growingagain; but only one aspect of shrinkage Source: UK Census

  28. Liverpool Mix of growthstrategy and managingdecline(1990-2011) addressingboth the causes and consequencesof shrinkage. Growthstrategies: physicalredevelopments; city marketing strategies (includingthrough large scaleevents – mostnotably the European Capital of Culture in 2008); developmentof the city’stourismpotentialusing port heritageas catalyser (UNESCO World Heritage site since 2004); retail‐ledregeneration; business support and labour marketpolicies.

  29. Liverpool Managingdeclinestrategies: strategicconsolidation of schools in neighbourhoodswhere the young population was falling; housingrenewalactivities; brownfield management and restrictive land use planning in order to preventfurthersuburbanisationand strong restrictions on housingdevelopmentoutsideinner city areas (through the statutory land use planning system) Credit: Liverpool Echo

  30. Trajectoriesofportcities Common points: Makingthe most of their (maritime) heritage (historic building preservation) Tourism strategies Port-relatedwaterfrontdevelopment to increase local economic value from ports. Economicdiversification strategies External (EU…)funding • Differences: • Shrinkage profile • Size and role of port within city • Importance of urban planning strategies • Actors involved (mostly public in Genoa)

  31. Socialimpactofwaterfrontregeneration One understudied aspect of shrinkage is impact of pro-growth policies on social mix. Renaissance vsregeneration? Amin, 2000 e.g. Porto Credit: Flickr Hive

  32. Making shrinkingcitiesresilient • The phrase 'shrinkingcities' impliesthattheseafflicted places are following an inevitabletrajectory, fromsomething to nothing; perhapsthey are simplymovingto a new kindof urbanism • If “a city’shistoryisunderstood as multiple sets of crossroadsthatcanbe hard to navigate” (A. Woodlief), outlinewhichpolicyresponses and crossroads to take • Citiesare complexand adaptive systemswhich have the ability to react to externalshocks or stresses (naturaldisasters or othercrises)

  33. Toconclude... • Urbanresearchcouldbeenriched by re-focussing on ‘ordinary’ cities, many of which are shrinking • How canwepromote good planning and outcomes in citieswithout long-termgrowth? • Plannerscanplay an instrumental role in exploring alternatives for shrinkingcities

  34. Thankyouforyourattention! Anyquestions?

More Related