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Year 11 Psychology – UNIT 1 Area of Study 1 Revision!. Psychology: The scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes. Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology.
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Psychology: The scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology • Scope of psychology including specialist career fields and fields of application and their contribution to understanding human behaviour • Classic and contemporary theories that have contributed to the development of psychology from philosophical beginnings to an empirical science, including the relationship between psychology and psychiatry • Differences between contemporary psychological research methods and non-scientific approaches to investigating and explaining human behaviour • Major perspectives (biological, behavioural, cognitive and socio-cultural) that govern how psychologists approach their research into human behaviour
Chapter 2: Research Methods • Research methods and ethics associated with the study of psychology. Experimental research: construction of hypotheses; identification of independent, dependent and extraneous variables Ethical principles and professional conduct: the role of the experimenter; protection and security of participants’ rights; confidentiality; voluntary participation; withdrawal rights; informed consent procedures; use of deception in research; debriefing
Chapter 3: Visual Perception • Application of psychological perspectives to explain visual perception: - Characteristics of the visual perceptual system and the visual processes involved in detecting and interpreting visual stimuli. - The effect of psychological factors on perceptual set - Distortions of visual perceptions by illusions
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology • Clinical Psychology • Clinical Neuro-Psychology • Community Psychology • Counselling Psychology • Educational and Developmental Psychology • Forensic Psychology • Health Psychology • Organisational Psychology • Sport Psychology • Biological Psychology • Cognitive Psychology • Personality Psychology • Social Psychology
Philosophical Roots of Psychology • 1St Philosophers: Plato, Aristotle and Socrates. • Greek philosophers proposed the mind-body problem (E.g. Do they have a relationship with one another? How do they interact? Is the mind apart of the body or body apart of the mind? Etc) • Rene Descartes introduced Dualism where he concluded the mind and body both can control and interact with one another. Before this, philosophers thought they could not control one another. • Psychologists today focus more on the mind-brain problem. • As we know the brain controls the body, therefore: does our brain interact with our mind? • Neuropsychologists are still studying these answers
CLASSICAL PERSPECTIVES AND THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGY Structuralism-Wundt: Focused on the ‘structure’ of consciousness (1st Psych Lab – 1879) Functionalism- James: Focused on the ‘functions’ of mental processes in different environments. Psychoanalysis- Freud: Focus on the unconscious thoughts, feelings and inner needs. Behaviourism – Watson: Focus on observable behaviours. (i.e. Changing environment can alter behaviour) Humanism – Rogers: Focus on the uniqueness and goodness of each individual
CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES AND THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGY • Biological Perspective: Focus on physiological factors • Behavioural Perspective: Focus on observable behaviour in different environments • Cognitive Perspective: Focus on how we acquire and process information (i.e Memory) • Socio-Cultural Perspective: Focus how culture and social factors influence behaviour.
Psychology versus Psychiatry • Is not able to prescribe medication • 6 years university study • Can work in private practices, schools, research labs, government bodies, hospitals, businesses etc -Can prescribe medication • Up to 13 years of study and training • Usually work in a hospital setting
Psychology as a Science • Collects empirical evidence • Conducts experimental research follows steps of scientific research. • Is NOT a pseudoscience such as telepathy or astrology.
Chapter 2: Research Methods • Hypothesis: It is hypothesised that all Year 11’s will do wonderfully on their psychology SAC’s tomorrow.
7 Steps of Psychological Research • Identification of the research problem • Construction of hypothesis • Designing the method • Collecting the data • Analysing the data • Interpreting the data • Reporting the research findings
Visual Perception Process • VISUAL SENSATION => LIGHT =>EYE => RETINA => PHOTORECEPTORS => RECEPTION =>TRANSDUCTION => NEURAL ACTIVITY => ELECTRICAL IMPLUSES =>OPTIC NERVE => BRAIN => VISUAL CORTEX =>TRANSMISSION • VISUAL PERCEPTION => ORGANISATION => INTERPRETATION
Sensation versus Perception • Visual sensation is the same for everyone • It is our physiological make up of the eye and the way it functions • Visual perception differs as everyone perceives and interprets things differently • When studying Visual Perception it is difficult to say where one starts and the other begins so we see it as an interrelated process.
VISUAL PERCEPTION PRINCIPLES:Rules that we apply to visual information to assist our organisation and interpretation of the information in a consistent and meaningful way. • Gestalt Principles: The way in which we organise features of a visual scene by grouping them to perceive a whole, complete form. • Figure-Ground organisation • Closure
Depth Principles: The ability to accurately estimate the distance of objects and therefore perceive the world in three dimensions. -Binocular depth cues (Requiring the use of both eyes)-Convergence-Retinal Disparity.-Monocular depth cues (Requiring the use of one eye only)-Accommodation-Pictorial cues: Linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative size, height in the visual field
MOTIVATION CONTEXT PERCEPTUAL SET MOTIVATION EMOTIONAL STATE PAST EXPERIENCE
